Advanced Materials Research Vols. 864-867

Abstract: Ionic liquids (ILs) are one class of important industrial chemicals that may replace conventional organic solvents. Due to the solubility, the toxicity study of ILs focused on aquatic mediums. However, there is seldom research for the the toxicity on terrestrial organism. In this paper, we studied the toxicity of three imidazolium ionic liquids 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride ([Bmim][CL]), 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim][BF₄]), and 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium trifluoroacetate ([Bmim][CF₃COOH]) on seed germination and seedling growth of pakchoi. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) marker technique was applied to detect DNA damage induced by imidazolium ILs. The results showed that all of three ILs could inhibit seed germination and seedling growth of pakchoi significantly at higher concentration (≥16 mM/L). At same concentration (1 mM/L and 4 mM/L), the genotoxicity of three ILs was following the trends: [Bmim][BF₄]> [Bmim][CF₃COOH]> [Bmim][CL]. It was concluded that ISSR assay offered a useful way to detect toxicity of ILs contamination on plant at low concentration even without transformation of physiological feature, such as germination and growth parameters and so on.

Abstract: Effects of nano-SiO₂ and nano-ZnO on the concentration of chlorophyll-a in seawater were studied. Different particle size of nano-SiO₂ and nano-ZnO (10~500nm) were added into seawater with different content ranging between 5~100mg/L, led to the v (growth rate) of chlorophyll-a were -11.4~-44.8% and -39.6~-74.0% respectively, and v decreased with the increasing of the concentration of nanoparticles and raised with the increasing of the nanoparticles size, and nano-ZnO had the stronger inhibitory effect than nano-SiO₂. While to nano-ZnO and Zn²⁺(concentrations of zinc were 0.05~1.00mmol/L), chlorophyll-a growth rate decreased as the concentration of zinc increased and the average growth rates were -60.2～-68.8%, meant that nano-ZnO and Zn²⁺ have the same toxical mechanism. Concentrations of Zn²⁺ released from nano-ZnO (30nm and 90nm) with content of 5~100mg/L were 1.56~4.29mg/L, and rose with the increasing of nano-ZnO concentration, and 30nmZnO released more Zn²⁺ than 90nm. To nano-ZnO, percentage of the concentration of Zn²⁺ released by it and its v values have linear correlation, indicated that the released Zn²⁺ is the main reason for toxicity of nano-ZnO.

Abstract: Harmful algal blooms (Habs) caused great harm to the human environment. Habs occurrence was connected with other types of plankton. This relationship may be restrictive, and may also be promotional. Selectivity of zooplankton grazing has an important influence on the Habs. The behavior of zooplankton selective grazing was studied in the plankton ecosystem formed by three populations of nontoxic phytoplankton-toxic phytoplankton-zooplankton (NTP-TTP-Z) system. The selective grazing function of zooplankton on toxic phytoplankton and non-toxic phytoplankton was built based on Holling type IV functional response. Numerical simulation was given depending on the laboratory data. Results show that the models nicely explained the selective grazing behavior of zooplankton in the three species ecosystem, and provided key parameters for the marine ecosystem dynamics models.

Abstract: The nitrogen (N) balance is studied the spatial and temporal changes of N inputs and outputs in eastern Liao River watershed. Using the social economic and the related hydrological data from 2001 to 2010, the N inputs are quantified from the aspects of fertilizer use, human and animal excreta, atmospheric deposition and biological nitrogen fixation, and the N outputs from the aspects of denitrification, ammonium volatilization, crop harvest. Results indicates that the mean annual N inputs vary from 185.01 ×10⁶kga^-1 to 200.68×10⁶kga^-1, with a mean value of 192.02×10⁶ kga^-1. Diffuse sources shows that chemical N fertilizer constitutes the largest source of total N inputs, accounting for about 50.23%. The mean annual N outputs range from 132.10×10⁶kga^-1 to 170.38×10⁶kga^-1, and agricultural N output is the maximum output. The large gap between N inputs and outputs results in the high N surplus of 132.10×10⁶ kga^-1~170.38×10⁶kga^-1, which results in the transfer of N from the terrestrial system to the aquatic system and increasing the risk of water eutrophication.

Abstract: The main purpose of this study was to examine the effects of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum (GLP) supplementation on exhaustive exercise-induced apoptosis in mice liver. The mice were randomly divided into four groups of ten per group. One of the groups was the control group, the others were GLP treated groups (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight). Exhaustive swimming exercise of mice were carried out after 28 days of GLP administration, and the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins in the liver tissues were determined. The data showed that GLP supplementation was able to up-regulate the expression of Bcl-2 proteins and Bcl-2/Bax ratio, down-regulate the expression of Bax proteins. The results suggest that GLP supplementation prevents exhaustive exercise-induced apoptosis.

Abstract: In 2008, we studied contents of soil organic matters (SOM) and total sulfur (TS) in the surface and subsurface soils in nine typical sampling points that covered with different plant communities in the wetland of Yellow River Estuary in order to identify the influences of different plant communities. Results showed the contents of SOM varied in irregular M mode except for 0-10cm soil layer. The characteristics of vertical distribution were resemble of different sites in the whole, decreasing along with the depth though existing some waves. The diversity was remarkable (C.V. > 10%), showing as medium variability. For TS, contents decreased with plant communities succession. But the characteristics of vertical distribution was not very significant. Correlation analysis showed that SOM contents had significant correlation with TN contents (r=0.955, p<0.01), TP contents were closely linked with SOM and nitrogen contents, but TS contents had no remarkable correlation with any other element.

Abstract: Pentachloronitrobenzene are applied widely to protect plants from disease, weeds and insect damage, and usually come into contact with soil, where they undergo a variety of transformations that provide a complex pattern of metabolites. This article reviews the most relevant biotransformation methods for Pentachloronitrobenzene and their transformation products. Some recent advances addressed in technologies of Abiotic Degradation for Pentachloronitrobenzene and their residues. We discuss and critically evaluate biotransformation procedures and motabolic pathway of Pentachloronitrobenzene recently. We also consider the advantages and the disadvantages of the various methodologies.

Abstract: This study obtained 12 microbial degradation of cellulose from perennial accumulation of cellulose waste soil, through Congo red staining, isolated high efficient bacteria N4 degradation of cellulose. The N4 strain degradation single factor experiment showed that: carbon concentration, incubation temperature and initial pH value influence on the degradation of filter paper. Through the orthogonal experimental study obtained: when the concentration of filter paper is 0.5%, culture temperature is 30 °C, initial pH is 8, N4 strain filter paper degradation rate reached optimal, filter paper weight loss rate of 68.92%.

Abstract: Certain ecological factors were investigated for three plant forest habitat types; dry evergreen (DEF), dry dipterocarp (DDF) and ecotone (ECO) at the Sakaerat Environmental Research Station (SERS). The effects of seven habitat types on the physical and chemical properties of soils were investigated. Samples were collected monthly from June 2007 to July 2008. Values for bulk density, porosity, soil pH, soil temperature, total nitrogen and organic matter showed significant differences (p<0.05) between habitat types. The ecotone soil had the highest bulk density and the dry evergreen forest soil the highest soil porosity, while soils from both habitat types were found to be acidic. The dry evergreen forest also had the highest concentrations of organic matter and total nitrogen content, but the lowest concentrations of phosphorus and potassium.