p.64
p.75
p.82
p.90
p.104
p.138
p.151
p.173
p.187
Ionic Transport in Sol-Gel Derived Organic-Inorganic Composites
Abstract:
This chapter is devoted to organic-inorganic composite ion exchange resins and membranes. We ascertain interrelation between composition, morphology and porous structure of the materials on the one hand and ion transport through them on the other hand. The composites for different practical application (fuel cells, ion exchange columns, electrodialysis) are in a focus of attention. Porosity of a polymer constituent of the composite was determined with a method of standard contact porosimetry, which gives information about pores in a very wide diapason (from 2 nm to 200 μm). In this context, pore formation in ion exchange polymers during swelling is considered. A number of parameters, which are obtained from porosimetric measurements, can be used for interpretation of ion transport regularities, particularly evolution of electrical conductivity. Embedded non-aggregated nanoparticles, their aggregates and agglomerates affect differently porosity of the polymer constituent: they are able to block, stretch and squeeze pores, As a result, the composites demonstrates different rate of ion transport depending on amount and size of the inorganic particles. The approach to purposeful formation of one or other types of particles has been proposed.
Info:
Periodical:
Pages:
104-137
Citation:
Online since:
August 2019
Authors:
Price:
Сopyright:
© 2019 Trans Tech Publications Ltd. All Rights Reserved
Citation:
* - Corresponding Author
[1] A. Eisenberg, H.L. Yeager, Perfluorinated ionomer membranes, ACS Symp. Ser. 180, American Chemical Society, Washington, (1982).
[2] W.Y. Hsu, T.D. Gierke. Ion transport and clustering in nafion perfluorinated membranes, J. Memr. Sci. 13 (1983) 307-326.
[3] P.J. Brookman, J.W. Nicholson, in: A.D. Wilson, H.J. Prosser (Eds.), Developments in Ionic Polymers, vol. 2, Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, London, 1986, p.269–283.
[4] N.A. Kononenko, N.P. Berezina, Yu.M. Vol'fkovich, E.I. Shkol'nikov, I.A. Blinov, Investigation of ion-exchange materials structure by standard porosimetry method, Journal of Applied Chemistry of the USSR 58 (1985) 2029-2033.
[5] N.P. Berezina, N.A. Kononenko, Yu.M. Vol'fkovich, Hydrophilic properties of heterogeneous ion-exchange membranes, Russ. J. Electrochem. 30 (1994) 329-335.
[6] B. Bonnet, D. J. Jones, J. Rozière, L. Tchicaya, G. Alberti, M. Casciola, L. Massinelli, B. Bauer, A. Peraio, E. Ramunni, Hybrid organic-inorganic membranes for a medium temperature fuel cell, J. New Mat. Electrochem. Systems, 3 (2000) 87-92.
[7] Ch. Guizard, A. Bac, M. Barboiu, N. Hovnanian, Hybrid organic-inorganic membranes with specific transport properties: Applications in separation and sensors technologies, Separ. Purif. Technol, 25 (2001) 167-180.
[8] L. Cumbal, A.K. SenGupta, J. Greenleaf, D. Leun, Polymer-supported subcolloidal particles: characterization and environmental application, in: S. Barany (Ed.) Role of Interfaces in Environmental Protection, NATO Science Series, IV. Earth and Environmental Science. V. 24, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, 2003, pp.67-80.
[9] S.P. Nunes, Organic-inorganic membranes, Membr. Sci. Technol. 13 (2008) 121-134.
[10] B.P. Tripathi, V.K. Shahi, Organic–inorganic nanocomposite polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cell applications, Progress in Polymer Science 36 (2011) 945–979.
[11] S. Sarkar, P. Prakash, A.K. SenGupta, Polymeric-inorganic hybrid ion-exchangers. Preparation, characterization and environmental application, in: A. K. SenGupta (Ed.), Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction: A Series of Advances, V. 20, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2011, pp.293-342.
DOI: 10.1201/b10813-11
[12] A. Kraytsberg, Y. Eiu-Eli, Review of advanced materials for proton exchange membrane fuel cells, ACS Publ., Energy Fuels 28 (2014) 7303–7330.
DOI: 10.1021/ef501977k
[13] N.A. Kononenko, M.A. Fomenko, Y.M. Volfkovich, Structure of perfluorinated membranes investigated by method of standard contact porosimetry, Adv. Colloid. Interface Sci. 222 (2015) 425-435.
[14] A. Eisenberg, Clustering of ions in organic polymers. A theoretical approach, // Macromolecules. 3 (1970) 147–154.
DOI: 10.1021/ma60014a006
[15] R.A, Weiss, W.Y. Macknight, R.D. Lundberg, Structure and application of ion0containing polymers, in: A. Eisenberg, F.E. Bailey (Eds.), Coulombic interactiion in macromolecular systems, ACS Symp. Ser. N 302, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1986, pp.2-19.
[16] Dreifus B. Clustering and hydration in ionomers, ibid, pp.103-119.
[17] M. Fujimura, T. Hashimoto, H. Kawai, Small-angle X-ray scattering study of perfluorinated ionomer membranes. 1. Origin of two scattering maxima, Macromolecules. 14 (1981) 1309–1315.
DOI: 10.1021/ma50006a032
[18] W.Y. Hsu, T.D. Gierke. Ion transport and clustering in nafion perfluorinated membranes, J. Memr. Sci. 13 (1983) 307-326.
[19] P. J. James, J. A. Elliott, T. J. McMaster, J. M. Newton, A. M. S. Elliot, S. Hanna, M. J. Miles, Hydration of Nafion studied by AFM and X-ray scattering, J. Mater. Sci. 35 (2000) 5111 – 5119.
[20] S.K. Young, S.F. Trevino, N.C. Beck Tan, Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Investigation of Structural Changes in Nafion Membranes Induced by Swelling with Various Solvents, J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 40 (2002) 387–400.
DOI: 10.1002/polb.10092
[21] Yu.S. Dzyazko, L.N. Ponomareva, Y.M. Volfkovich, V.E. Sosenkin, V.N. Belyakov, Conducting properties of a gel ionite modied with zirconium hydrophosphate nanoparticles, Russ. J. Electrochem., 49 (2013) 209–215.
[22] J. Dobrevsky, A. Zvezdov, Investigation of pore structure of ion exchange membranes, Desalinatiion 28 (1979) 283-289.
[23] K.A. Kun, R. Kunin, The pore structure of macroreticular ion exchange resins, J. Polym. Sci.: Polym. Symp. 16 (1967) 1457-1469.
[24] N. Kononenko, V. Nikonenko, D. Grande, C. Larchet, L. Dammak, M. Fomenko, Yu. Volfkovich, Porous structure of ion exchange membranes investigated by various technique, Adv. Colloid. Interface Sci., 246 (2017) 196-216.
[25] K. Jia, B. Pan, L. Lv, Q. Zhang, X. Wang, B. Pan, W. Zhang, Impregnating titanium phosphate nanoparticles onto a porous cation exchanger for enhanced lead removal from waters. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 331 (2009) 453-457.
[26] Q.R. Zhang, W. Du, B.C. Pan, B.J. Pan, W.M. Zhan, Q.J. Zhan, Z.W. Xu, Q.X. Zhang, A comparative study on Pb2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+ sorption onto zirconium phosphate supported by a cation exchanger, J. Hazardous Mater. 152 (2008), 469-475.
[27] Yu.S. Dzyazko L.N. Ponomaryova, L.M. Rozhdestvenskaya, S.L. Vasilyuk, V.N. Belyakov, Electrodeionization of low-concentrated multicomponent Ni2 +-containing solutions using organic–inorganic ion-exchanger, Desalination 342 (2014) 43-51.
[28] Yu.S. Dzyazko, L.M. Rozhdestvenska, S.L. Vasilyuk, K.O. Kudelko, V.N. Belyakov, Composite Membranes Containing Nanoparticles of Inorganic Ion Exchangers for Electrodialytic Desalination of Glycerol, Nanoscale Research Letters 12 (2017) 438.
[29] Yu. Dzyazko, L. Rozhdestveskaya, Yu. Zmievskii, Yu. Volfkovich, V. Sosenkin, N. Nikolskaya, S. Vasilyuk, V. Myronchuk, V. Belyakov, Heterogeneous Membranes Modified with Nanoparticles of Inorganic Ion-Exchangers for Whey Demineralization, Materials Today: Proceedings 6 (2015) 3864-3873.
[30] M. Laporta, M. Pegoraro, L. Zanderighi, Perfluorosulfonated membrane (Nafion): FT-IR study of the state of water with increasing humidity, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 1 (1999) 4619-4628.
DOI: 10.1039/a904460d
[31] S. R. Lowry, K.A. Mauritz, An investigation of ionic hydration effects in perfluorosulfonate ionomers by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ACS Publications, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 102 (1980), 4665–4667.
DOI: 10.1021/ja00534a017
[32] Helfferich F., Ion exchange, second ed., Dover, New Vork, (1995).
[33] M. Eikerling, A.A. Kornyshev, U.J. Stimming, Electrophysical properties of polymer electrolyte membranes: a random network model, J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 10807-10820.
DOI: 10.1021/jp972288t
[34] M.W. Verbrugge, R.F. Hill, Ion and solvent transport in ion-exchange membranes I. A Macrohomogeneous Mathematical Model, J. Elechtrochem. Soc. 137 (1990) 886-893.
DOI: 10.1149/1.2086573
[35] J.T. Wescott, Mesoscale simulation of morphology in hydrated perfluorosulfonic acid membranes, J. Chem. Phys. 124 (2006) 134702.
DOI: 10.1063/1.2177649
[36] K.A. Mauritz, R.B. Moore, State of Understanding of Nafion, Chem. Rev. 104 (2004) 4535−4585.
[37] K. Schmidt-Rohr, Q. Chen, Parallel cylindrical water nanochannels in Nafion fuel-cell membranes, Nature Materials 7 (2008) 75-83.
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2074
[38] N. P. Berezina, N. A. Kononenko, O. A. Dyomina, N. P. Gnusin, Characterization of ion-exchange membrane materials: properties vs structure, Adv. Colloid. Interface Sci. 139 (2008) 3–28.
[39] A. B. Yaroslavtsev, V. V. Nikonenko, V. I. Zabolotsky, Ion transfer in ion-exchange and membrane materials, Russ. Chem. Rev. 72 (2003) 393-421.
[40] A. B. Yaroslavtsev, V. V. Nikonenko, Ion-exchange membrane materials: properties, modification, and practical application, Nanotechnologies in Russia, 4 (2009) 137–159.
[41] V. V. Nikonenko, A. B. Yaroslavtsev, G. Pourcelly, Ion transfer through charged membranes: structure, properties, and theory, in: A. Ciferri, A. Perico (Eds.), Ionic interactions in natural and synthetic nacromolecules, Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey, 2012, pp.267-335.
[42] Y.M. Volfkovich, Influence of the electric double layer on the internal interfaces in ann ion-exchanger on its electrochemical and sorption properties, Soviet Electrochem. 20 (1984) 621-628.
[43] J. E. Mark, Physical Properties of Polymers Handbook, second ed., Springer, New-York, (2007).
[44] K. Kimoto, Water absorption and Donnan equilibria of per-fluoroionomer membranes for the chlor-alkali process, Electrochem. Sci. Technol. 130 (1983) 334−341.
DOI: 10.1149/1.2119707
[45] Flory P.J., Rehner J.J. Statistical mechanics of cross-linked polymer networks. II. Swelling, J. Chem. Phys. 11 (1943) 521-526.
DOI: 10.1063/1.1723792
[46] K.K. Pushpa, D. Nandan, R.M. Iyer, Thermodynamics of water sorption by perfluorosulphonate (Nafion-117) and polystyrene–divinylbenzene sulphonate (Dowex 50W) ion-exchange resins at 298 ± 1 K, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1. 84 (1988) 2047-2056.
DOI: 10.1039/f19888402047
[47] A. Nussinovitch, Polymer Macro- and Micro-Gel Beads: Fundamentals and Applications, Springer, New York, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London, (2010).
[48] D. K. Hale, D. J. McCauley, Structure and properties of heterogeneous cation-exchange membranes, Trans. Faraday. Soc. 57 (1961) 135-149.
DOI: 10.1039/tf9615700135
[49] S. J. Gregg, K. S. W. Sing, Adsorption, surface area and porosity. Academic Press, London (1991).
[50] C.E. Harland, Ion exchange - theory and practice, second ed., RSC Publisher, Letchworth, (1994).
[51] M. Brun, J.-F. Quinson, R. Blanc, M. Negre, R. Spitz, M. Barth, Caractérisation texturale de résines en milieu réactionnel, Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 182 (1981) 873–882.
[52] J. Rouquerol, G. Baron, R. Denoyel, H. Giesche, J. Groen, P. Klobes, P. Levitz, A.V. Neimark, S. Rigby, R. Skudas, K. Sing, M. Thommes, K. Unger, Liquid intrusion and alternative methods for the characterization of macroporous materials (IUPAC Technical Report), Pure Appl. Chem. 84 (2011) 107–136.
[53] Yu. M. Volfkovich, V.S. Bagotsky, Experimental methods for investigations of porous materials and powders, in: Yu.M. Volfkovich, A.N. Filippov V.S. Bagotsky (eds.), structural properties of different materials and powders used in different fields of science and technology, Springer, London, Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, pp.1-8.
[54] Yu.M. Volfkovich, V.E. Sosenkin, Porous structure and wetting of fuel cell components as the factors determining their electrochemical characteristics, Russ. Chem. Rev. 81 (2012) 936-959.
[55] Yu. M. Volfkovich, A.V. Sakars, A.A. Volinsky, Application of the standard porosimetry method for nanomaterials, Int. J. Nanotechnol. 2 (2005) 292-302.
[56] Yu. S. Dzyazko, L. N. Ponomareva, Yu. M. Volfkovich, V. E. Sosenkin, Effect of the porous structure of polymer on the kinetics of Ni2+ exchange on hybrid inorganic-organic ionites, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. 86 (2012) 913–919.
[57] Yu. S. Dzyazko, Y. M. Volfkovich, L. N. Ponomaryova, V. E. Sosenkin, V. V. Trachevskii, V. N. Belyakov, Composite ion-exchangers based on flexible resin containing zirconium hydrophosphate for electromembrane separation, J. Nanosci. Technol. 2 (2016) 43-49.
[58] Yu. Dzyazko, L. Ponomarova, Yu. Volfkovich, V. Tsirina, V. Sosenkin, N. Nikolska, V. Belyakov, Influence of zirconium hydrophosphate nanoparticles on porous structure and sorption capacity of the composites based on ion exchange resin, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, 19 (2016) 329-335.
[59] M.T. Bryk, V.I. Zabolotsky,. D. Atamanenko, G.A. Dvorkina, Structural inhomogeneity of ion-exchange membranes in swelling state and methods of its investigations, Khim. Tekhnol. Vody, 11 (1989) 491-498.
[60] V.I. Zabolotskii, K. V. Protasov, M. V. Sharafan, Sodium chloride concentration by electrodialysis with hybrid organic-inorganic ion-exchange membranes: An investigation of the process, Russ. J. Electrochem. 46 (2010) 979-986.
[61] Yu.S. Dzyazko, L.N. Ponomaryova, Yu.M. Volfkovich, V.E. Sosenkin, Belyakov V.N. Polymer Ion-Exchangers Modified with Zirconium Hydrophosphate for Removal of Cd2+ Ions from Diluted Solutions, Separ. Sci. Technol. 48 (2013) P. 2140-2149.
[62] Yu.S. Dzyazko, L.N. Ponomaryova, Yu.M. Volfkovich, V.V. Trachevskii, A.V. Palchik, Ion-exchange resin modified with aggregated nanoparticles of zirconium hydrophosphate. Morphology and functional properties, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 198 (2014) 55-62.
[63] G. E. Boyd, B. A. Soldano, Self-diffusion of cations in and through sulfonate polystyrene cation-exchange polymers, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 75 (1953) 6091-6099.
DOI: 10.1021/ja01120a001
[64] J. Divisek, M. Mazin, M. Eikerling, H. Schmitz, U. Stimming, Yu. M. Volfkovich, A study of capillary porous structure and sorption properties of Nafion proton-exchange membranes swollen in water, J. Electrochem. Soc. 145 (1998) 2677-2683.
DOI: 10.1149/1.1838699
[65] C. Sanchez, B. Julián, P. Belleville, M. Popall, Applications of hybrid organic-inorganic nanocomposites, J. Mater. Chem. 15 (2005) 3559-3592.
DOI: 10.1039/b509097k
[66] M. Rezakazem, M. Sadrzadeh, T. Mohammadi, T. Matsuura, Methods for the preparation of organic–inorganic nanocomposite polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cells, in: Inamuddin, A. Mohammad, A.M. Asiri (Eds.), Organic-inorganic composite polymer electrolyte membranes, Switzerland, Springer, 2017, pp.311-325.
[67] D.J. Jones, J. Roziere, in W. Vielstich, H.A. Gasteiger, A. Lamm (eds.), Handbook of fuel cells. fundamentals, technology, and applications, v.3, Fuel cell technology and applications, Wiley, Chicheter, 2003, p.447–455.
[68] Md. R. Khan, Rafiuddin, Transport phenomena of inorganic–organic cation exchange nanocomposite membrane: a comparative study with different methods, J. Nanostructure Chem. 4 (2014) 95 DOI 10.1007/s40097-014-0095-0.
[69] J. Mosa, A. Durán, M. Aparicio, Sulfonic acid-functionalized hybrid organic–inorganic proton exchange membranes synthesized by sol–gel using 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane (MPTMS), J. Power Sources 297 (2015) 208-216.
[70] Hay J.N., Raval H.M., Synthesis of organic-inorganic hybrids via the non-hydrolytic sol-gel process, Chem. Mater. 13 (2001) 3396–3403.
DOI: 10.1021/cm011024n
[71] J. Chen, M. Asano, Y. Maekawa, M. Yoshida, Polymer electrolyte hybrid membranes prepared by radiation grafting of p-styryltrimethoxysilane into poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) films, J. Membr. Sci. 296 (2007) 77-82.
[72] B. Akhavan, K. Jarvis, P. Majewski, Plasma Polymer-Functionalized Silica Particles for Heavy Metals Removal, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7 (2015) 4265–4274.
DOI: 10.1021/am508637k
[73] L. Zhang, L. Ling, M. Xiao, D. Han, Sh. Wang, Yu. Meng, Effectively suppressing vanadium permeation in vanadium redox flow battery application with modified Nafion membrane with nacre-like nanoarchitectures, Journal of Power Sources 352 (2017) 111-117.
[74] Yu.-K. Lu, X.-P. Yan, An Imprinted Organic−Inorganic Hybrid Sorbent for Selective Separation of Cadmium from Aqueous Solution, ACS Publ., Anal. Chem. 76 (2004) 453–457.
DOI: 10.1021/ac0347718
[75] T. V. Mal'tseva, E. A. Kolomiets, S. L. Vasilyuk, Hybrid adsorbents based on hydrated oxides of Zr(IV), Ti(IV), Sn(IV), and Fe(III) for arsenic removal, J. Water Chem. Technol. 39 (2017) 214-219.
[76] L.M. Blaney, S. Cinar, A.K. SenGupta, Hybrid anion exchanger for trace phosphate removal from water and wastewater, Water Res. 41 (2007) 1603-1613.
[77] S.M. Hosseini, ,A. Gholami, P. Koranian, M. Nemati, S.S. Madaeni, ,A.R. Moghadassi, Electrochemical characterization of mixed matrix heterogeneous cation exchange membrane modified by aluminum oxide nanoparticles: Mono/bivalent ionic transportation, J. Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineering 45 (2014) 1241-1248.
[78] S. M. Hosseini, M. Nemati, F. Jeddi, E. Salehi, A. R. Khodabakhshi, S. S.Madaeni, Fabrication of mixed matrix heterogeneous cation exchange membrane modified by titanium dioxide nanoparticles: Mono/bivalent ionic transport property in desalination, Desalination 359 (2015) 167-175.
[79] Y. Gao, Ch. Chen, H. Chen, R. Zhang, X. Wang, Synthesis of a novel organic–inorganic hybrid of polyaniline/titanium phosphate for Re(VII) removal, Dalton Transactions 44(2015) 8917-8925.
DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01093d
[80] A. K. Sahu, S. D. Bhat, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar, V. Vimalan, C. George, N. Chandrakumar, A. K. Shukla, Novel organic–inorganic composite polymer-electrolyte membranes for DMFCs, J. Membr. Sci. 345 (2009) 305–314.
[81] B.S. Rathore, G. Sharma, D. Pathania, V.K. Gupta, Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of cellulose acetate–tin (IV) phosphate nanocomposite, Carbohydrate Polymers 103 (2014) 221-227.
[82] A.A. Khan, M.M. Alam, Synthesis, characterization and analytical applications of a new and novel organic–inorganic, composite material as a cation exchanger and Cd(II) ion-selective membrane electrode: polyaniline Sn(IV) tungstoarsenate, React. Func. Polym. 55 (2003) 277-290.
[83] M. Vitadello, E. Negro, S. Lavina, G. Pace, A. Safari, V, Di Noto, Vibrational Studies and Properties of Hybrid Inorganic−Organic Proton Conducting Membranes Based on Nafion and Hafnium Oxide Nanoparticles, J. Phys. Chem. B 112 (2008) 16590–16600.
DOI: 10.1021/jp804117w
[84] S.A. Novikova, E.Yu. Safronova, A.A. Lysova, A. B. Yaroslavtsev, Influence of incorporated nanoparticles on the ionic conductivity of MF-4SC membrane, Mendeleev Commun. 20 (2010) 156–157.
[85] E. A. Mistri, S. Banerjee, Cross-linked sulfonated poly(ether imide)/silica organic–inorganic hybrid materials: proton exchange membrane properties, RSC Adv. 4 (2014) 22398-22410.
DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02137a
[86] E. Abouzari-lotf, M. M. Nasef, M. Zakeri, A. Ahmad, A. Ripin, Composite Membranes Based on Heteropolyacids and Their Applications in Fuel Cells, in: Inamuddin, A. Mohammad, A.M. Asiri (eds.), Organic-Inorganic Composite Polymer Electrolyte Membranes, Springer, Switzerland, 2017, pp.99-133.
[87] A. Muthumeenal, A.J. Rethinam, A. Nagendran, Sulfonated polyethersulfone based composite membranes containing heteropolyacids laminated with polypyrrole for electrochemical energy conversion devices, Solid State Ionics 296 (2016) 106-113.
[88] A. A. Khan, M. M. Alam, New and novel organic–inorganic type crystalline polypyrrolel/ polyantimonic acid, composite system: preparation, characterization and analytical applications as a cation-exchange material and Hg(II) ion-selective membrane electrode, Analyt. Chim. Acta, 504 (2004) 253-264.
[89] A. A. Khan, M. M. Alam, Inamuddin, F. Mohammad, Electrical conductivity and ion-exchange kinetic studies of a crystalline type organic–inorganic, cation-exchange material: polypyrrole/polyantimonic acid composite system, (Sb2O5) (–C4H2NH–)·nH2O.
[90] S. Sasikala, S.Meenakshi, S.D. Bhat, A.K. Sahu, Functionalized bentonite clay-sPEEK based composite membranes for direct methanol fuel cells, Electrochim. Acta 135 (2014) 232-241.
[91] X. Liao, L. Ren, D. Chen, X.Liu, H. Zhang, Nanocomposite membranes based on quaternized polysulfone and functionalized montmorillonite for anion-exchange membranes, J. Power Sources, 286 (2015) 258-263.
[92] Xu T., Hou W., Shen X., Wu H., Li X., Wang J., Jiang Zh. Sulfonated titania submicrospheres-doped sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) hybrid membranes with enhanced proton conductivity and reduced methanol permeability, J. Power Sources 196 (2011) 4934–4942.
[93] Y He, Y Fu, L Geng, Y Zhao, C Lü, A facile route to enhance the properties of polymer electrolyte-based organic–inorganic hybrid proton exchange membranes, Solid State Ionics 283 (2015) 1–9.
[94] A. K. Sahu, S. D. Bhat, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar, V. Vimalan, C. George, N. Chandrakumar, A. K. Shukla, Novel organic–inorganic composite polymer-electrolyte membranes for DMFCs, J. Membr. Sci 345 (2009) 305-314.
[95] N. Perlova, Y, Dzyazko, O. Perlova, A. Palchik, V Sazonova, Formation of zirconium hydrophosphate nanoparticles and their effect on sorption of uranyl cations, Nanoscale Research Letters 12 (2014) 209 doi.org/10.1186/s11671-017-1987-y.
[96] A. S.Myerson, Handbook of Industrial Crystallization, Woburn, Butterworth-Heinemann, (2002).
[97] Yu.S. Dzyazko, Yu.M. Volfkovich, V.E. Sosenkin, N.F. Nikolskaya, Yu.P. Gomza, Composite inorganic membranes containing nanoparticles of hydrated zirconium dioxide for electrodialytic separation, Nanoscale Research Letters, 9 (2014) 271 doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-9-271.
[98] Yu.S. Dzyazko, A.S. Rudenko, Yu.M. Yukhin, A.V. Palchik, V.N. Belyakov, Modification of ceramic membranes with inorganic sorbents. Application to electrodialytic recovery of Cr(VI) anions from multicomponent solution, Desalination, 342 (2014) 43-51.
[99] Q. Zhang, P. Jiang, B. Pan, W. Zhang, L. Lv, Impregnating zirconium phosphate onto porous polymers for lead removal from waters: effect of nanosized particles and polymer chemistry, ACS Publ., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 48 (2009) 4495–4499.
DOI: 10.1021/ie8016847
[100] B. Pan, B. Pan, X. Chen, W. Zhang, X. Zhang, Q. Zhang, Q. Zhang, J. Chen, Preparation and preliminary assessment of polymer-supported zirconium phosphate for selective lead removal from contaminated water, Water Res. 40 (2006) 2938– 2946.
[101] C. Yang, S. Srinivasan, A. S. Aricò, P. Cretı, V. Baglio, V. Antonucci, Composite Nafion/zirconium phosphate membranes for direct methanol fuel cell operation at high temperature, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 4 (2001) A31-A34.
DOI: 10.1149/1.1353157
[102] J. Chabé, M. Bardet, G. Gébel, NMR and X-ray diffraction study of the phases of zirconium phosphate incorporated in a composite membrane Nafion®-ZrP, Solid State Ionics 229 (2012) 20–25.
[103] I. Nicotera, A. Khalfan, G. Goenaga, T. Zhang, A. Bocarsly, S. Greenbaum, NMR investigation of water and methanol mobility in nanocomposite fuel cell membranes, Ionics 14 (2008) 243–253.
[104] S.A. Novikova, E.Yu. Safronova, A.A. Lysova, A.B. Yaroslavtsev, Influence of incorporated nanoparticles on the ionic conductivity of MF-4SC membrane, Mendeleev Commun. 20 (2010) 156–157.
[105] R.K. Nagarale, G.S. Gohil, V,K. Shahi, R. Rangarajan, Organic-inorganic hybrid Membrane: thermally stable cation-exchange membrane prepared by the sol-gel method, Macromolecules, 37 (2004) 10023-10030.
DOI: 10.1021/ma048404p
[106] A.A. Khan, A. Khan, Inamuddin, Preparation and characterization of a new organic–inorganic nano-composite poly-o-toluidine Th(IV) phosphate: Its analytical applications as cation-exchanger and in making ion-selective electrode, Talanta 72 (2007) 699–710.
[107] Yu.S. Dzyazko, O.V. Perlova, N.A. Perlova, Yu.M. Volfkovich, V.E. Sosenkin, V.V. Trachevskii, V.F. Sazonova, A.V. Palchik, Composite cation-exchange resins containing zirconium hydrophosphate for purification of water from U(VI) cations, Desalination and Water Treatment, 69 (2017) 142-152.
[108] G. Alberti, M. Casciola, D. Capitani, A. Donnadio, R. Narducci, M. Pica, M. Sganappa, Novel Nafion–zirconium phosphate nanocomposite membranes with enhanced stability of proton conductivity at medium temperature and high relative humidity, Electrochim. Acta 52 (2007) 8125–8132.
[109] Yu. S. Dzyazko, L. M. Rozhdestvenskaya, Yu. G. Zmievskii, Yu. M. Volfkovich, V. E. Sosenkin, V. V. Zakharov, V. G. Myronchuk, V. N. Belyakov, A.V. Palchik, Electromembrane recycling of liquid wastes of dairy industry using organic-inorganic membranes, Issues of Chemistry and Chemical Technology 6 (2015) 40-46.
[110] R. Taherian, Experimental and analytical model for the electrical conductivity of polymer-based nanocomposites, Composites Sci. Technol. 123 (2016) 17-31.
[111] M. Casciola, G. Alberti, A. Ciarletta, A. Cruccolini, P. Piaggio, M. Pica, Nanocomposite membranes made of zirconium phosphate sulfophenylenphosphonate dispersed in polyvinylidene fluoride: Preparation and proton conductivity Solid State Ionics 176 (2005) 2985 – 2989.
[112] X. Tong, B. Zhang, Y. Fan, Y. Chen, Mechanism exploration of ion transport in nanocomposite cation exchange membranes, ACS Publ., Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 9 (2017) 13491–13499.
[113] A.A. Khan, L. Paquiza, Electrical behavior of conducting polymer based polymeric–inorganic, nanocomposite: Polyaniline and polypyrrole zirconium titanium phosphate, Synthetic Metals 161 (2011) 899–905.
[114] E.V. Kuznetsova, E.Yu. Safronova, V.K. Ivanov, G.Yu. Yurkov, A.G. Mikheev, D.V. Golubenko, A.B. Yaroslavtsev, Transport properties of hybrid materials based on MF-4SC perfluorinated ion exchange membranes and nanosized ceria, Nanotechnologies in Russia 8 (2013) 461–465.
[115] A.B. Yaroslavtsev, Yu.P. Yampolskii, Hybrid membranes containing inorganic nanoparticles, Mendeleev Commun. 24 (2014) 319–326.
[116] S. Lagergren, About the theory of so called adsorption of soluble substances, Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 24 (1898) 1–39.
[117] Y.S. Ho, G. McKay, Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes, Process Biochem., 34 (1999) 451–465.
[118] G. E. Boyd, B. A. Soldano, Self-diffusion of cations in and through sulfonated polystyrene cation-exchange polymers, ACS Publ., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 75 (1953) 6091–6099.
DOI: 10.1021/ja01120a001
[119] A.A. Khan, A. Khan, Electrical conductivity and cation exchange kinetic studies on poly-o-toluidine Th(IV) phosphate nano-composite cation exchange material, Talanta 73 (2007) 850–856.
[120] Yu.S. Dzyazko, L.M. Rozhdestvenskaya. S.L Vasilyuk, V.N. Belyakov, N. Kabay, M. Yuksel, O. Arar, U. Yuksel, Electrodeionization of Cr (VI)-containing solution. Part I: Chromium transport through granulated inorganic ion-exchanger, Chem.Eng.Comm. – 196 (2009) 3 - 21.
[121] Yu.S. Dzyazko, V.V. Trachevskii, L.M. Rozhdestvenskaya, S.L. Vasilyuk, V.N. Belyakov, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. 87 (2013) 840-845.
[122] Z.A. Al-Othman, M.M. Alam, M. Naushad, Heavy toxic metal ion exchange kinetics: Validation of ion exchange process on composite cation exchanger nylon 6,6 Zr(IV) phosphate, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 19 (2013) 956–960.
[123] A.A. Khan, L. Paquiza, Determination of ion-exchange kinetic parameters for the conducting nanocomposite polyaniline zirconium titanium phosphate, Synth. Met. 190 (2014) 66–71.
[124] L. Xiao, H. Zhang, E. Scanlon, L.S. Ramanathan, E.-W. Choe, D. Rogers, T. Apple, B.C. Benicewicz, High-temperature polybenzimidazole fuel cell membranes via a sol−gel process, ACS Publ., Chem. Mater. 17 (2005) 5328–5333.
DOI: 10.1021/cm050831+
[125] M.J. Parnian, S. Rowshanzamir, F. Gashoul, Comprehensive investigation of physicochemical and electrochemical properties of sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) membranes with different degrees of sulfonation for proton exchange membrane fuel cell applications, Energy, 125 (2017), 614-628.
[126] B. Muriithi, D.A. Loy, Proton Conductivity of Nafion/Ex-Situ Sulfonic Acid-Modified Stöber Silica Nanocomposite Membranes As a Function of Temperature, Silica Particles Size and Surface Modification, Membranes 6 (2016) 12.
[127] J.-H. Won, H.-J. Lee, J.-M. Lim, J.-H. Kim, Y.T. Hong, S.-Y. Lee, Anomalous behavior of proton transport and dimensional stability of sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) nonwoven/silicate composite proton exchange membrane with dual phase co-continuous morphology, J. Membrane Sci. 450 (2014) 235–241.
[128] T. Ossiander, C. Heinzl, S. Gleich, F. Schönberger, P. Völk, M. Welsch, C. Scheu, Influence of the size and shape of silica nanoparticles on the propertiesand degradation of a PBI-based high temperature polymerelectrolyte membrane, J. Membr. Sci. 454 (2014) 12-19.
[129] T. Xu, W. Hou, X. Shen, H. Wu, X. Li, J. Wang, Zh. Jiang, Sulfonated titania submicrospheres-doped sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) hybrid membranes with enhanced proton conductivity and reduced methanol permeability, J. Power Sources 196 (2011) 4934–4942.
[130] Sh. Feng, Yu. Shang, G. Liu, W. Dong, X. Xie, J. Xu, V.K. Mathur, Novel modification method to prepare crosslinked sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)/silica hybrid membranes for fuel cells, J. Power Sources 195 (2010) 6450–6458.
[131] Y. He, Yu. Fu, L. Geng, Y. Zhao, Ch. Lü, A facile route to enhance the properties of polymer electrolyte-based organic–inorganic hybrid proton exchange membranes, Solid State Ionics 283 (2015) 1–9.
[132] B. Chen, G. Li, L. Wang, R. Chen, F. Yi, Proton conductivity and fuel cell performance of organic-inorganic hybrid membrane based on poly(methyl methacrylate)/silica, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 38 (2013) 7913-7923.
[133] F. Niepceron, B. Lafitte, H. Galiano, J. Bigarré, E. Nicol, J.-F. Tassin, Composite fuel cell membranes based on an inert polymer matrix and proton-conducting hybrid silica particles, J. Membr. Sci. 338 (2009) 100–110.
[134] A. Ozden, M. Ercelik, Y. Ozdemir, Y. Devrim, C.O. Colpan, Enhancement of direct methanol fuel cell performance through the inclusion of zirconium phosphate, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 42 (2017) 21501-21517.
[135] J. Pandey, M.M. Seepana, A. Shukla, Zirconium phosphate based proton conducting membrane for DMFC application, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 40 (2015) 9410-9421.
[136] H. Ahmad, S.K. Kamarudin, U.A. Hasran, W.R.W. Daud, A novel hybrid Nafion-PBI-ZP membrane for direct methanol fuel cells, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 36 (2011) 14668-14677.
[137] A.K. Sahu, S.D. Bhat, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar, V. Vimalan, C. George, N. Chandrakumar, A.K. Shukla. Novel organic–inorganic composite polymer-electrolyte membranes for DMFCs, J. Membr. Sci. 345 (2009) 305–314.
[138] Yu.M. Volfkovich, V.E. Sosenkin, N.F. Nikolskaya, Porous structure of the catalyst layers of electrodes in a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell: A stage-by-stage study, Russ. J. Electrochem. 46(2010) 336-344.
[139] Yu.M. Volfkovich, V.E. Sosenkin, N.F. Nikolskaya, Hydrophilic-hydrophobic and sorption properties of the catalyst layers of electrodes in a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell: A stage-by-stage study, Russ. J. Electrochem. 46(2010) 438-449.
[140] S. Gottesfeld, T.A. Zawodzinski, Polymer electrolyte fuel cells, in:R.C. Alkire, H.Gerischer, D.M. Kolb C.W. Tobias (eds),Advances in electrochemical science and engineering, V. 5., Wiley,Weinheim, 1997, pp.196-301.
[141] Zh. Zhang, J. Liu, J.Gu,L. Su, L. Cheng, An overview of metal oxide materials as electrocatalysts and supports for polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Energy Environ. Sci. 7 (2014) 2535-2558.
DOI: 10.1039/c3ee43886d
[142] E. Antonini, Composite materials: An emerging class of fuel cell catalyst supports, Appl. Catalysis B: Environmental 100 (2010) 413–426.
[143] M. Shao, R. Zhang, Zh. Li, M. Wei, D. G. Evans, X. Duan, Layered double hydroxides toward electrochemical energy storage and conversion: design, synthesis and applications, : Chem. Commun., 51 (2015) 15880.
DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07296d
[144] B. Rajesh, K.R. Thampi, J.-M. Bonard, N. Xanthapolous, H.J. Mathieu, B. Viswanathan, Pt supported on polyaniline-V 2 O 5 nanocomposite as the electrode material for methanol oxidation, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 5 (2002) E71–E74.
DOI: 10.1149/1.1518610
[145] H. Pang, C. Huang, J. Chen, B. Liu, Y. Kuang, X. Zhang, Preparation of polyaniline–tin dioxide composites and their application in methanol electro-oxidation, J. Solid State Electrochem. 14 (2010) 169–174.
[146] T. Maiyalagan, B. Viswanathan, Synthesis, characterization and electrocatalytic activity of Pt supported on poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)–V2O5nanocomposites electrodes for methanol oxidation, Mater. Chem. Phys. 121 (2010) 165–171.
[147] T. Benvenuti, M.A. Siqueira Rodrigues, A. Mouro Bernardes, J. Zoppas-Ferreira, Closing the loop in the electroplating industry by electrodialysis, J. Cleaner Production, 155 (2017) 130-138.
[148] M. H. Dore, Global Drinking Water Management and Conservation: Optimal Decision-Making, Springer, Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London, (2015).
[149] D. Cardoso Buzzi, L.S. Viegas, M.A. Siqueira Rodrigues, A.M. Bernardes, J.A. Soares Tenório, Water recovery from acid mine drainage by electrodialysis, Minerals Engineering, 40 (2013) 82-89.
[150] M.-L. Lameloise, R. Lewandowsky, Recovering L-malic acid from a beverage industry waste water: Experimental study of the conversion stage using bipolar membrane electrodialysis, J. Membr. Sci. 403-404 (2012) 196-202.
[151] Y. Tanaka, R. Ehara, S. Itoi, T. Goto, Ion-exchange membrane electrodialytic salt production using brine discharged from a reverse osmosis seawater desalination plant, 222 (2003) 71-86.
[152] J. Lemaire, C.-L.Blanc, F. Duval. M.-A. Théoleyre, D. Pareau, Purification of pentoses from hemicellulosic hydrolysates with sulfuric acid recovery by using electrodialysis, Separ. Purif, Technol. 166 (2016) 181-186.
[153] D. Rindfleisch, B. Syska, Z. Lazarova, K. Schügerl, Integrated membrane extraction, enzymic conversion and electrodialysis for the synthesis of ampicillin from penicillin G, Proc. Biochem. 32 (1997) 605-616.
[154] L. Yu, A. Lin, L. Zhang, W. Jiang, Large scale experiment on the preparation of vitamin C from sodium ascorbate using bipolar membrane electrodialysis, Chem. Eng. Commun. 189 (2002) 237-246.
[155] C. Baldasso, L. D. F. Marczak, I. C. Tessaro, A Comparison of Different Electrodes Solutions on Demineralization of Permeate Whey, Separ. Sci. Technol. 49 (2014) 179-185.
[156] M. Kumar, M.A. Khan, Z.A Al-Othman, M.R. Siddiqui, Polyaniline modified organic–inorganic hybrid cation-exchange membranes for the separation of monovalent and multivalent ions, Desalination 325 (2013) 95–103.
[157] M. Kumar, B.P. Tripathi, V.K. Shahi, Ionic transport phenomenon across sol–gel derived organic–inorganic composite mono-valent cation selective membranes, J. Membr. Sci. 340 (2009) 52–61.
[158] T. Sata, Ion exchange membranes: preparation, characterization, modification and application, RSC Publisher, Cambridge, (2007).
[159] M. A. Khan, M. Kumar, Z. A. Alothman, Preparation and characterization of organic–inorganic hybrid anion-exchange membranes for electrodialysis, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 21 (2015) 723–730.