Engineering Headway Vol. 35

Abstract: This review paper focuses on the major factors of deterioration, specifically rutting, stripping, and moisture effects, which are key factors affecting road pavements globally. Stressing the need to tackle these distresses, the study aims to improve the performance of asphaltic courses via advancing bio-based reinforcement materials, especially sisal fiber. The paper tries to analyze the mechanism of rutting in asphalt mixtures with a special reference to sisal fibers as an agent to increase resistance to permanent deformation. However, fiber reinforcement with the asphalt mixtures are also briefly described in the subject with the favorable effects of tensile strength, fatigue strength and crack propagation strength. The review further focuses on the ability of fiber reinforcement to enhance pavement service life, address pavement deterioration issues, and improving the service life of road pavements.

Abstract: Solar cells are a promising technology for energy production, and they provide a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional energy sources based on fossil fuels. This study aims to improve the efficiency (E)of the solar cell using Triglyceride for Oleic Acid. Crystal Triglyceride for Oleic Acid is a compound of two components (Triglyceride and Oleic Acid), Each compound has a structural formula and physical and chemical properties. The prepared samples (1, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, and 2) mol/l. The required data were collected and analyzed through (a UV/visible spectrophotometer, Spectrofluorometer, and Solar Module Analyzer), The data obtained were wavelength for absorption, wavelength for fluorescence, Stokes shift (the difference between fluorescence and absorption wavelengths), practical and theoretical efficiency, current and voltage values, and power factor. Luminescent solar concentrators were used to test the efficiency of the PV. The results showed that the E improved well, as the efficiency was (21.57) before using the solar concentrator, and after using the concentrator, it became (26.61) at a concentration of 1.5 mol/l.

Abstract: Thin films of ZnMn₂O₄ were deposited on quartz substrates at 250 °C using the Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) technique and then annealed in air at 500 °C for 6 hours. The films were tested for detection of NO₂ and NH₃ at different operating temperatures. The films showed rapid response time is (7.2 s) for NO₂ and (13.5 s) for NH₃ at 300 °C. The upper sensitivity of NH₃ is 15%, while the upper sensitivity of the samples tested with 60ppm NO₂ is 93% at a temperature of around 300°C. Also, the structural properties as X-ray diffraction ( XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and optical properties were studied. Keywords: Gas sensors, pulse laser deposition, PLD, ZnMn₂O₄, Sensing properties, optical properties.

Abstract: In order to choose tree species that are climate change-adaptive, this study looked into the photosynthetic characteristics of the mangrove plant R. apiculata in response to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration. The seedlings were cultivated for nearly three months in environment-controlled growth chambers with two CO2 concentration combinations: (i) 28oC + CO2 420±20 ppm (control) and (ii) 28oC + CO2 650±20 ppm (elevated). Reduced tree height and physiological characteristics, such as protein and nitrogen levels and chlorophyll, were seen in the seedlings under the increased treatment. Specifically, a significant decrease in chlorophyll that is directly linked to the carbon dioxide fixative reaction system was the outcome of the increased treatment. Under the increased treatment, varying degrees of loss in photosynthetic characteristics were observed. Furthermore, at higher CO2, there was a noticeable decrease in the characteristics of the CO2 fixative reaction system, including the triose phosphate utilization (TPU) limitation (33%) lower rate, the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration rate (35%), and the Rubisco activity rate (33%). These findings imply that the reduced CO2 fixative reaction system, rather than the photochemical reaction system, may be responsible for the low level of photosynthetic capability. Keywords: Mangrove, Photosynthetic rates, Rubisco, Elevated CO₂

Abstract: The laminated of composite is a material made up of multiple layers of materials that are combined together to enhance mechanical and physical properties. These materials are used in a variety of applications, including aerospace, construction, and automotive, as they provide lightweight strength and flexibility. They are typically manufactured using techniques such as pressure and heat, which allow for strong adhesion between the layers. Laminated composite materials are ideal for applications that require high performance while minimizing weight. Two types of layer arrangements (symmetric and asymmetric) were used for the composite plates. The behavior of the separated plates using two models the symmetric and asymmetric model, with the aim of verifying the natural frequency results of the composite plates derived from finite element models analysis software that provides an integrated environment for designing and analyzing models. The results were used which include the natural frequency which is in proportion to the order of the symmetry max 1459.9Hz and min 257.95Hz as for the asymmetric arrangement it was max 1539.5Hz and min 241.57. Numerical analysis has proven to give good results at natural frequency. They are characterized by their toughness and flexibility, functioning as a waterproof coating and a strong insulator, making them ideal for use as a coating or adhesive.

Abstract: The most popular kind of anti-vibration mounting for compression is a rubber bushing, which has many components bearing the total weight of the movable part between them and the foundation structure. Ethylene Propylene Dine Monomer (EPDM) blending with natural rubber NR (SMR20) with several percentage ratio reinforced by two types of carbon black (CB) to hold flexible recipes for specific applications such as doors seals and roads humps were discussed here. EPDM/SMR20 with blending ratio (70/30) reinforced by CB N375 was the more flexible recipe with results 19 Mpa, 36 IRHD, 600% and 12% for tensile strength, hardness, elongation and compression set respectively. The behavior of EPDM chains that accept the very fine carbon black particles as a filler and reinforcement agent till 80 pphr loading and also that vulcanized by Sulphur played the major effect of this performance. For a numerical dynamic analysis with finite element model, used for forced vibration to evaluate the dynamic response of recipes. Through the results, it was observed that the dynamic response of recipe A is greater than the other recipes. The high value of the response gives the largest area under the curve and thus has the ability to absorb the largest amount of the applied load.

Abstract: A three-dimensional parametric model was employed to recreate the free response laminated composite plate constructed from different materials. Simulation of the modal analysis is powerful when extreme localized modes are of problem, and it demands dependable material structural models along with correct modelling methodologies. A classical theory-based finite element approach was created to explore the effect of material attributes upon the natural vibration behavior for thin laminated plates. The approach was validated using three-dimensional deformation findings and also achieved based on the theory's results with those derived from commercial programs, including Solidworks. The results obtained from software are in good agreement for some cases and significantly differ for free vibration and is highly dependent on the material properties and boundary conditions. For simply supported boundary condition, the results showed that the maximum fundamentals frequency was 1808.5Hz Hz for the carbon/epoxy material. An established computational technique, depending on finite element method, has been proposed for the computation of free vibration in reinforcement laminated composite components. a good result for estimate the natural frequency and mode shape.

Abstract: The security issues and problems surrounding the Internet of Things (IoT) and the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) are thoroughly examined in this article. It draws attention to the dangers of intra-vehicle attacks and the necessity of strong security measures. Examining vulnerabilities in both V2I and V2C contexts, the article highlights the risks that individual hackers face due to their global accessibility. It also covers the difficulties that cybersecurity faces from the rise of machine hackers that use AI and big data analytics. The notion of Heterogeneous IoT is presented, which is a promising field of study with a wide range of applications. The article discusses the difficulties that come with managing protocol proliferation, integrating new technologies, and resolving networking issues in the context of the larger Internet of Things. It is emphasized how crucial trust, security, and privacy are to the success of IoT systems. The systematic review approach used in the research adheres to the PRISMA framework and the Cochrane procedure. Finally, it offers design suggestions and future research directions based on expert analysis conclusions. The study highlights the necessity of taking preventative action to lessen dangers associated with IoV and IoT, offering insightful information about the status of IoT research now and opening the door for future security improvements.

Abstract: The current developments in the automobile industry have prompted the creation of some systems in the car to reduce the losses resulting from it. One of these methods is the innovation of regenerative braking systems to recover the largest possible amount of energy wasted in the car’s traditional braking system. Several types of these systems have appeared since the last century, applying this concept of recovering the energy lost in the car’s brakes. They were systems that converted the lost kinetic energy into electrical energy stored in the car’s battery or mechanical or hydraulic. This research provides a review of the most prominent regenerative braking systems in cars since their appearance in the first half of the twentieth century, the importance of these methods, their features, and the types of cars that are suitable for each method in terms of the fact that they are cars with an internal combustion engine, electric and hybrid. Previous research shows that it is possible to recover 40 to 60% of the energy lost due to the traditional braking system, and accordingly, the energy efficiency of the car increases by an average of 25%, as well as reducing fuel consumption by 15%.