Paper Titles
Effect of Welding by TIG Process of 304L Stainless Steel on Microstructure and Stress Corrosion Cracking
p.1
Study of the Impact of Ambient Temperature on the Maximum Temperature Reached by a PV Solar Panel
p.17
Line Commutated Converter High Voltage Direct Current Based Supplementary Controller for Small-Signal Stability Enhancements
p.33
Maximizing Renewable DG Hosting Capacity under Load and Generation Uncertainty Using Multi-Objective Optimization
p.53
Exploring the Effectiveness of Lime-Natural Pozzolana Stabilization on a Calcite-Rich Soil in the Presence of Phosphates
p.93
Numerical Investigation of Slope Effects on the Stability of Sludge Retention Dikes Constructed with Quarry Waste
p.113
Development of an Innovative Pavement Recycling Technique Using Fine RAP in Sand Concrete for Road Slabs
p.133
The Use of Geopolymer Concrete in the Place of Cement Based Concrete in Coastal Infrastructures
p.153
Utilizing Experimental Compressive Strength to Assess Mid-Span Deflection in Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Robot Structural Analysis Software
p.169

The Use of Geopolymer Concrete in the Place of Cement Based Concrete in Coastal Infrastructures

Article Preview

Abstract:

The emission of greenhouse gases during its production, and the poor performance of cementbased concrete in marine environments has raised the need for alternative eco-friendly materials. This study investigated the strength and durability of Geopolymer concrete cured in marine water. The Slag/Metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete was used in this study. Two curing regimes were adopted; a sample was cured in marine water while the control was air-cured and designated as GPCW and GPCD respectively. Geopolymer beams, cubes, and cylinders were used for flexural, compressive, and tensile tests, respectively, at 7, 28, 90, 180, 270, and 365 days. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to determine the microstructural and elemental compositions. Results showed an increase in compressive, flexural and tensile strengths between 7 to 180 days, with a gradual decrease at 365th days for the GPCD samples. The GPCW showed a 43% reduction in strength between the 7th and 28th days, with a further decrease of 11% from 28 to 365 days. The average strength of both samples was above C40 grade concrete. SEM revealed differences in GPCD and GPCW with the latter displaying less dense structures with larger voids, consistent with the reduction in compressive strength over time. The EDS analysis showed that there was <1% ingress of Sulphate into GPCW on average, this revealed its resistance to the deterioration-causing agent in cement-based concrete. This study concluded that GPC can be used for coastal marine concrete structures.

You might also be interested in these eBooks
International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa Vol. 76 View Preview

Info:

Periodical:

International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa (Volume 76)

Pages:

153-167

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4028/p-p7Zr7w

Citation:

Cite this paper

Online since:

November 2025

Authors:

Joseph Olawale Akinyele*, Abayomi Olukayode Ewetade, Simeon Olutayo Odunfa, Mopelola Abidemi Idowu

Keywords:

Aggressive Environment, Durability, Geopolymer Concrete, Greenhouse Gases, Sea Water, Strength

Export:

RIS, BibTeX

Price:

Permissions CCC:

Request Permissions

Permissions PLS:

Request Permissions

Сopyright:

© 2025 Trans Tech Publications Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Share:

Citation:

* - Corresponding Author

References

[1] E.A. Uchechukwu, J.O. Olakunle, S. Duna. "Characteristics of Ordinary Portland Cement Paste Containing Rice Husk Ash and Conplast." Journal of Building Material Science, 4(1), (2022) 1–10.

DOI: 10.30564/jbms.v4i1.4144

Google Scholar

[2] R.T. Loto, A. Busari "Electrochemical study of the inhibition effect of cow bone ash on the corrosion resistance of mild steel in artificial concrete pore solution." Cogent Engineering, 6(1) (2019).

DOI: 10.1080/23311916.2019.1644710

Google Scholar

[3] S. Liao, D. Wang, C. Xia, J.Tang. "China's provincial process CO2 emissions from cement production during 1993–2019." Scientific Data, 9(1), (2022)1–14.

DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01270-0

Google Scholar

[4] I.H. Shah, S.A. Miller, D. Jiang, R.J. Myers. "Cement substitution with secondary materials can reduce annual global CO2 emissions by up to 1.3 gigatons". Nature Communications. 13(2022) 5758.

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33289-7

Google Scholar

[5] V. Shah. "Performance evaluation of carbonated cement paste derived from hydrated Portland cement based binders as supplementary cementitious material". Cement, 15 (2024)100091.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cement.2024.100091

Google Scholar

[6] S.A. Miller, A. Horvath, P. J. M. Monteiro. (2018) "Impact of booming concrete production on water resources worldwide." Natural Sustainability. (1) (2018) pp.69-76.

DOI: 10.1038/s41893-017-0009-5

Google Scholar

[7] F.N. Costa, D .V. Ribeiro. "Reduction in CO2 emissions during production of cement, with partial replacement of traditional raw materials by civil construction waste (CCW)." Journal of Cleaner Production. 276, (2020)123302.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123302

Google Scholar

[8] L.D. Ellis, A.F. Badel, M.L. Chiang, R.J.Y. Park, Y.M. Chiang. "Toward electrochemical synthesis of cement—An electrolyzer-based process for decarbonating CaCO3 while producing useful gas streams", Proceedings of National Academic of Science. U S. A. (117) (2020) 12584–12591.

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821673116

Google Scholar

[9] A. Scott, V. Shah, C. Oze, B. Shanks, C.R. Cheeseman. "Use of olivine for the production of MgO-SiO2 binders". Frontal for Built Environment 7 (2021).

Google Scholar

[10] M. Simoni, T. Hanein, C.L. Woo, J. Provis, H. Kinoshita. "Effect of impurities on the decarbonization of calcium carbonate using aqueous sodium hydroxide". ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. (10) (2022) 11913–11925.

DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c02913

Google Scholar

[11] J.O. Akinyele, U.T. Igba, J.O. Labiran. "Durability Problems of Reinforced Concrete Structures on the Lagos Lagoon in Nigeria". Smart & Sustainable Infrastructure: Building a Greener Tomorrow, RILEM book series (48) (2024) 629-640.

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-53389-1_57

Google Scholar

[12] U.T. Igba, J.O. Akinyele, F.M. Alayaki, S.I. Kuye and S.O. Oyebisi. "Deterioration and Microstructural Characterization of Reinforced Concrete Beam Buried in Lagoon and Fresh Waters". Nigerian Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH) 40 (2) (2021) 177-185.

DOI: 10.4314/njt.v40i2.2

Google Scholar

[13] A.M. Neville, J.J. Brooks. Concrete Technology, 2nd Edition (2010). Prentice Hall, Pearson Educational Ltd. England.

Google Scholar

[14] N.P. Asrani, G.Murali, H.S. Abdelgader, K. Parthiban, M.K. Haridharan, M.K. Karthikeyan, "Investigation on Mode I Fracture Behavior of Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymer Composites". Arabian Journal of Science and Engineering, 44(10) (2019) 8545–8555.

DOI: 10.1007/s13369-019-04074-4

Google Scholar

[15] J. Davidovits. "Geopolymer, Chemistry and applications" 5th Edition (2020). Institute Geopolymer, Saint-Quentinn, France.

Google Scholar

[16] B.V. Rangan. "Low-Calcium Fly-Ash based goepolymer concrete". Concrete construction Engineering Handbook. 2nd Edition (2008). CRC Press, New York.

DOI: 10.1201/9781420007657.ch26

Google Scholar

[17] J. Davidovits. Review Geopolymer Cement (2013) (1-11). Institute Geopolymere, Saint-Quentinn, France.

Google Scholar

[18] K. Vijai, R. Kumutha, B.G. Vishnuram. "Effect of types of curing on strength of geopolymer concrete", International Journal of Physical Scence. 5(9) (2010)1419–1423.

Google Scholar

[19] F.H. Zaidi1, R. Ahmad, M. M. Al, B. Abdullah, M. F. M. Tahir, Z. Yahya, W. M. W. Ibrahim, A. S. Sauffi. Performance of Geopolymer Concrete when Exposed to Marine Environment. (2019) IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 55.

DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/551/1/012092

Google Scholar

[20] J. Moore, Reinforced geopolymer concrete for marine application. B.Eng. Dissertation, (2022) Murdoch University. Australia.

Google Scholar

[21] D. Hardjito. "Studies Fly-ash based Geopolymer concrete", Unpublished PhD thesis (2005), submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering, Curtin University of Technology, Australia.

Google Scholar

[22] BS EN 1744-1: (2009). Tests for chemical properties of aggregates - Chemical analysis. British Standard Institution, London.

Google Scholar

[23] BS EN 12390-3: (2019), Testing Hardened Concrete. Compressive Strength of Test Specimens. British Standard Institution, London.

Google Scholar

[24] BS EN 12390-6: 2019. Testing hardened concrete Tensile splitting strength of test specimens British Standard Institution, London.

DOI: 10.3403/02128962

Google Scholar

[25] BS EN 12390-5: 2019. Testing Hardened Concrete: Flexural Strength of Test Specimens, BSI, London.

Google Scholar

[26] T.Y. Koledoye, B.Akinsanya, K.O. Adekoya, P.O. Isibor. "Physicochemical parameters of the Lekki Lagoon in relation to abundance of Wenyonia sp Woodland, 1923 (Cestoda: Caryophyllidae) in Synodontis clarias (Linnaeus, 1758), Environ. Challenges, 7 (2022) 100453-100453.

DOI: 10.1016/j.envc.2022.100453

Google Scholar

[27] C.H. Rüscher, E. Mielcarek, W. Lutz, A. Ritzmann, W.M. Kriven "Weakening of Alkali-Activated Metakaolin during investigation by Molybdate Method and Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy". Journal of American ceramic Society. 93 (9) (2010) 2582-2590.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.03773.x

Google Scholar

[28] BS 8500-2 (2023) Specification for constituent materials and Concrete. British Standard Institution, London

Google Scholar

[29] D.D. Burduhos-Nergis, M.M.A.B. Abdullah, P. Vizureanu, M.M. Tahir. Geopolymers and their uses. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 374, (2018) 012019.

DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/374/1/012019

Google Scholar

[30] M. Lahoti, K.H. Tan, E.H. Yang, "A critical review of geopolymer properties for structural fire-resistance applications". Construction and Building Materials, 221, (2019) 514-526.

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.076

Google Scholar