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Effect of Hatch Distance and Scanning Speed Combinations at Constant Volumetric Energy Density on the Materials Properties of IN939 Fabricated by Powder Bed Fusion-Laser Beam

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Abstract:

This study provides a comprehensive investigation into the effects of different scanning parameter combinations—specifically scanning speed and hatch distance—on the material properties of IN939 fabricated using the powder bed fusion-laser beam (PBF-LB) process under a constant volumetric energy density (VED). Despite the fixed VED, the fabricated samples experienced different thermal cycles, resulting in distinct microstructural features and corresponding variations in material performance. In-situ infrared monitoring indicated that the sample with the narrowest hatch distance and highest scanning speed (Sample 1) reached the highest normalized temperatures with intense heat accumulation, whereas wider hatch distances (Sample 3) promoted lower and more stable temperature distributions. The results revealed that the intermediate parameter set (Sample 2) achieved the highest relative density (99.29%) and the lowest surface roughness. In contrast, both the narrowest and widest hatch spacing combinations promoted increased porosity, primarily consisting of lack-of-fusion (LoF) and gas pores. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis showed that the area-weighted average grain size increased from 29.5 µm to 36.7 µm as the hatch distance increased. Texture analysis indicated generally weak crystallographic texture development, with only slight intensification of <001>//BD and <111>//BD components, attributed to the 67o rotation strategy. Furthermore, the microhardness values demonstrated negligible variation across the samples, ranging from 356.7 ± 14.3 HV1 to 360.1 ± 10.5 HV1. This limited variation indicates that the strengthening behavior was predominantly governed by the combined influence of defect density and matrix–defect interactions, rather than being directly correlated with grain size.

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Periodical:

Key Engineering Materials (Volume 1047)

Pages:

127-137

Online since:

April 2026

Authors:

Merve Nur Dogu*, Meris Meric Ikiz, Gavin Chapman, Sampreet Rangaswamy, Merve Yesim Yalcin, Seren Ozer, Kemal Davut, Dermot Brabazon

Keywords:

Defect Formation, IN939, Infra-Red (IR), Microstructure, Powder Bed Fusion-Laser Beam, Relative Density, Surface Roughness, Volumetric Energy Density

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Creative Commons CC BY 4.0

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* - Corresponding Author

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