Standardized Study of Carbonate Apatite as Bone Substitute in Rabbit’s Tibia

Abstract:

The objective of this study was to investigate the bone repair of carbonate apatite (cHA) in comparison to hydroxyapatite (HA, control group) on osseous repair of rabbit’s tibia. Spheres (400-500 µm) of both materials were synthesized under 37°C (cHA) and 90°C (HA) and were not sinterized. Ethics Commission on Teaching and Research in Animals approved this project (CEPA/NAL 208/10). Six White New Zealand rabbits were submitted to general anesthesia and one perforation (2mm) was made in each tibia for implantation of cHA (left tibia) and HA spheres (right tibia). After 4 weeks all animals were killed and one fragment of each tibia with the biomaterial was collected with a total of 6 bone blocks for each group. Five bone blocks of each group were demineralized and 5-µm thick semi-serial sections were stain with Hematoxillin and Eosin and Trichromic of Masson for histological analysis and two fragments were collected and embedded in a methacrylate-based resin and cut into slices with ~30 µm and were analyzed by light microscopy (bright field and polarized microscopy). Both groups didn’t show the spheres after 4 weeks, new-formed bone was observed from the periphery toward to the center of the surgical defect, which was even filled with connective tissue. Both materials are biocompatible, promote osteoconduction and showed to be resorbable.

• Periodical: Key Engineering Materials (Volumes 493-494)
• Pages: 242-246
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.493-494.242
• Online since: October 2011
• Authors: I. Cezar, G. Kammer, A. Alves, J. Calasans-Maia, M.A. Gress, Antonella M. Rossi, J.M. Granjeiro, M. Calasans-Maia
• Keywords: Biocompatibility, Carbonate Apatite, Hydroxyapatite (HAP), Osteoconduction, Rabbits

References

[1] Tsai WC, Liao CJ, Wu CT, Liu CY, Lin SC, Young TH, Wu SS, Liu HC. Clinical result of sintered bovine hydroxyapatite bone substitute: analysis of the interface reaction between tissue and bone substitute. J Orthop Sci. 15 (2010) pp.223-32.

DOI: 10.1007/s00776-009-1441-9

[2] Cestari TM, Granjeiro JM, Assis GF, Garlet GP, Taga R. Bone repair and augmentation using block of sintered bovine-derived anorganic bone graft in cranial bone defect model. Clin Oral Implan Res 20 (2009) pp.340-350.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01659.x

[3] Keiichi K, Mitsunobu K, Masafumi S, Yutaka D, Toshiaki S. Induction of new bone by bFGF-loaded porous carbonate apatite implants in femur defects in rats. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 20, 2009; p.560–565.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01676.x

[4] Kasai T, Sato k, Kanematsu Y, Shikimori M, Kanematsu N, Doi Y. Bone Tissue Engineering Using Porous Carbonate Apatite and Bone Marrow Cells. The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery & Volume 21(2010) pp.473-478.

DOI: 10.1097/scs.0b013e3181cfea6d

[5] Calasans-Maia MD, Rossi AM, Dias EP, Santos SRA, Áscoli1 FO and Granjeiro JM. Stimulatory Effect on Osseous Repair of Zinc-substituted Hydroxyapatite: Histological Study in Rabbit's Tibia. Key Eng Mater 361-363 (2008) pp.1269-1272.

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.361-363.1269

[6] Porter A, Patel N, Brooks R, Best S, Rushton N, Bonfield W. Effect of carbonate substitution on the ultrastructural characteristics of hydroxyapatite implants. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 16 (2005) p.899–907.

DOI: 10.1007/s10856-005-4424-1

[7] J. V. Rau, S. N. Cesaro, D. Ferro, S. M. Barinov and J. V. Fadeeva. FTIR Study of Carbonate Loss from Carbon-ated Apatites in Wide Temperature Range. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 71 (2004) pp.441-447.

DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30111

[8] Landi E, Tampieri A, Celotti G, Langenati R, San-dri M, Sprio S. Influence of Synthesis and Sintering Parameters on the Characteristics of Calcium Phosphate. Biomaterials 26 (2005) p.2835.

DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.08.010

[9] Landia E, Celottia G, Logroscinob G, Tampieria G. Carbonated hydroxyapatite as bone substitute. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 23 (2003) p.2931–2937.

DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2219(03)00304-2

[10] LeGeros RZ. Calcium Phosphate-Based Osteoinductive Materials. Chem. Rev. 108 (2008) p.4742–4753.

DOI: 10.1021/cr800427g

[11] Munar ML, Udoh K, Ishikawa K, Matsuya S, Nakagawa M. Effects of sintering temperature over 1, 300 ºC on the physical and compositional properties of porous hydroxyapatite foam. Dent Mater J. 25(2006) pp.51-58.

DOI: 10.4012/dmj.25.51

[12] Suchanek WL, Shuk P, Byrappa K, Riman RE, Tenhuisen KS, Janas VF. Mechanochemical-Hydrothermal Synthesis of Carbonated Apatite Powders at Room Tem-perature. Biomaterials 23 (2002) pp.699-710.

DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(01)00158-2

[13] Redey SA, Nardin M, Assolant DA, Rey C, De-lannoy P, Sedel L, Marie PJ. Behavior of Human Osteoblastic Cells on Stoichiometric Hydroxyapatite and Type-A Carbonated Apatite. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 50 (2000) p.353.

DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(20000605)50:3<353::aid-jbm9>3.0.co;2-c

[14] Barralet JE, Aldred S, Wright AJ, Coombes AGA. In Vitro Behavior of Albumin Loaded Car-bonated Hydroxyapatite Gel. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. 60 (2002) pp.360-367.

DOI: 10.1002/jbm.10070

[15] Matsumoto T, Okazaki M, Inoue M, Ode S, Chien CC, Nakao H, Hamada Y, Takahashi J, Biodegradation of Carbonate Apatite/Collagen Composite Membrane and Its Controlled Release Carbonate Apatite. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 60 (2002).

DOI: 10.1002/jbm.10133

[16] Barralet JE, Best SM, Bonfield W. Effect of Sintering Parameters on the Density and Microstructure of Carbonate Hydroxyapatite. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 11 (2000) pp.719-724.

DOI: 10.1023/a:1008975812793

[17] Ana ID, Matsuya S, Ishikawa K. Engineering of Carbonate Apatite Bone Substitute Based on Composition-Transformation of Gypsum and Calcium Hydroxide. Engineering 2 (2010) pp.344-352.

DOI: 10.4236/eng.2010.25045

[18] Habibovic P, Juhl MV, Clyens S, Martinetti R, Dolcini L, Theilgaard N, van Blitterswijk CA. Comparison of two carbonated apatite ceramics in vivo. Acta Biomaterialia 6 (2010) p.2219–2226.

DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.11.028

[19] Glazer PA, In vivo evaluation of calcium sulfate as a bone graft substitute for lumbar spinal fusion. Spine J 1(2001) p.395–401.

DOI: 10.1016/s1529-9430(01)00108-5

[20] Gibson IR, Bonfield W. Novel synthesis and characterization of an AB-type carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite. J Biomed Mater Res 2002; 59(4): p.697–708.

DOI: 10.1002/jbm.10044

[21] Ellies LG, Nelson DG, Featherstone JD. Crystallographic structure and surface morphology of sintered carbonated apatites. J Biomed Mater Res 22 (1988) p.541–553.

DOI: 10.1002/jbm.820220609

[22] Barrere F, van der Valk CM, Meijer G, Dalmeijer RA, de Groot K, Layrolle P. Osteointegration of biomimetic apatite coating applied onto dense and porous metal implants in femurs of goats. J Biomed Mater Res B 67 (2003) p.655–65.

DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.10057

[23] Siebers MC et al. In vivo evaluation of the trabecular bone behaviour to porous electrostatic spray deposition-derived calcium phosphate coatings. Clin Oral Implants Res 18 (2007) p.354–61.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2006.01314.x

[24] Frankenburg EP et al. Biomechanical and histological evaluation of a calcium phosphate cement. J Bone Joint Surg Am 80 (1998) p.1112–1124.

[30] Mathur KK, Tatum SA, Kellman RM. Carbonated apatite and hydroxyapatite in craniofacial reconstruction. Arch Facial Plast Surg 5 (2003) p.379–83.

DOI: 10.1001/archfaci.5.5.379