Application of Electron Backscatter Diffraction to Shape Memory Alloys

Abstract:

This overview highlights very recent application of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) to shape memory alloys, as main investigation technique but also as ancillary technique for other characterization methods. Over the last two decades EBSD in the scanning electron microscope has become a powerful tool for the characterization of many materials and transformation. In the mean time, shape memory alloys (SMA) are continuously studied: from a theoretical point of view, in order to clarify unsolved fundamentals of their phase transformations and characterize or develop new SMA systems, and from an engineering point of view, to solve design and processing problems related to the continuously growing examples of applications. Application of EBSD to SMA, even if hindered by limitations generally found also in other metallic system when phase transformation and martensitic phases are involved, provided useful information for both research areas.

• Periodical: Key Engineering Materials (Volume 521)
• Pages: 255-268
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.521.255
• Online since: August 2012
• Authors: Paola Bassani
• Keywords: Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD), NiTi, Shape Memory Alloy (SMA), SMA

References

[1] Funakubo, H. (1987). Shape Memory Alloys. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers.

[2] Otsuka, K., Wayman, C., & editors. (1998). Shape memory materials. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[3] Sun, L., Huang, W., Ding, Z., Zhao, Y., Wang, C., Purnawali, H., et al. (2012). Stimulus-responsive shape memory materials: A review. Materials and Design, 33, 577-640.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2011.04.065

[4] Mertmann, M., & Vergani, G. (2008). Design and application of shape memory actuators. Eur. Phys. J. Special Top. (158), 221-230.

DOI: 10.1140/epjst/e2008-00679-9

[5] Machado, L., & Savi, M. (2003). Medical applications of shape memory alloys. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 36, 683-691.

DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2003000600001

[6] Elahinia, M., Hashemi, M., Tabesh, M., & Bhaduri, S. (2012). Manufacturing and processing of NiTi implants: A review. Progress in Materials Science, 57, 911-946.

DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2011.11.001

[7] Angioni, S., Meo, M., & Foreman, A. (2011). Impact damage resistance and damage suppression properties of shape memory alloys hybrid composites - A review. Smart Materials and Structures, 20, 013001(24pp).

DOI: 10.1088/0964-1726/20/1/013001

[8] Pelton, A., Stoeckel, D., & T.W., D. (2000). Medical uses of Nitinol. Materials Science Forum, 327-328, 63-70.

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.327-328.63

[9] Feninat, F., Laroche, G., Fiset, M., & Mantovani, D. (2002). Shape memory materials for biomedical applications. Advanced Engineering Materials , 4, 91-104.

DOI: 10.1002/1527-2648(200203)4:3<91::aid-adem91>3.0.co;2-b

[10] Otsuka, K., & Ren, X. (2005). Physical metallurgy of Ti-Ni-based shape memory alloys. Progress in Materials Science, 50, 511-678.

DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2004.10.001

[11] Venables, J., & Harland, C. (1973). Phil. Mag., 27, 1193.

[12] Dingley, D. (1984). Proc. Royal Mic. Soc., 19, 74.

[13] Schwarzer, R. (1997). Automated Crystal Lattice Orientation Mapping Using a Computer-controlled SEM. Micron (28), 249-265.

DOI: 10.1016/s0968-4328(97)00010-3

[14] Gourgues-Lorenzon, A. -F. (2009). Application of electron backscatter diffraction to the study of phase transformations: present and possible future. Journal of Microscopy, 233, 460-473.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03130.x

[15] Schwartz, A. J., Kumar, M., & Adams, B. L. (2009). Electron Backscattered Diffraction in Material Science - s. e. Spriger Science + Businness Media.

[16] Randle, V. (2009). Electron backscatter diffraction: Strategies for reliable data acquisition and processing. Materials Characterization, 60, 913-922.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2009.05.011

[17] Gourgues-Lorenzon, A. (2007). Application of electron backscatter diffraction to the study of phase transformations. Int. Materials Reviews, 52(2), 65-128.

DOI: 10.1179/174328007x160254

[18] Humpreys, F. (2004). Characterisation of fine scale microstructures by electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). Scripta Materialia, 771-776.

DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2004.05.016

[19] Cayron, C. (2007). ARPGE: a computer program to automatically reconstruct the parent grains from electron backscatter diffraction data. J. Appl. Crystallogr., 40, 1183-1188.

DOI: 10.1107/s0021889807048777

[20] Pinard, P., Lagacé, M., Hovington, P., Thibault, D., & Gauvin, R. (2011). An Open-Source Engine for the Processing of Electron Backscatter Patterns: EBSD-Image. Microscopy and Microanalysis, 1-12.

DOI: 10.1017/s1431927611000456

[21] Wilkinson, A., Clarke, E., Britton, T., Littlewood, P., & Karamched, P. (2010). High-resolution electron backscatter diffraction: an emerging tool for studying local deformation. Journal of Strain Analysis, 45, 365-376.

DOI: 10.1243/03093247jsa587

[22] Hardin, T., Adams, B., & Fullwood, T. (2011). Recovering the full dislocation tensor from high-resolution EBSD microscopy. Advances in Heterogeneous Material Mechanics - ICHMM-(2011).

[23] Cayron, C. (2011). Quantification of multiple twinning in face centred cubic materials. Acta Materialia, 59, 252-262.

DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2010.09.029

[24] Koblinschka-Veneva, A., & Koblischka, M. (2008). Analysis of twin boundaries using the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique. Materials Science and Engineering B, 151, 60-64.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mseb.2008.02.009

[25] Zhang, Y., Li, Z., Esling, C., Muller, J., Zhao, X., & Zuo, L. (2010). A general method to determine twinning elements. Applied Crystallography, 43, 1426-1430.

DOI: 10.1107/s0021889810037180

[26] Chen, X., Gui, J., Wang, R., Wang, J., Liu, J., Chen, F., et al. (2000). Orientation relationship of martensite variants determined by electron backscatter diffraction. Micron, 31, 17-25.

DOI: 10.1016/s0968-4328(99)00060-8

[27] Inoue, H., Ishio, M., & Takasugi, T. (2003). Texture of NiTi shape memory alloy sheets produced by roll-bonding and solid phase reaction from elementary metals. Acta Materialia, 51, 6373-6383.

DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2003.08.009

[28] Wang, R., Gui, J., Chen, X., & Tan, S. (2002). EBSD and TEM study of self-accommodating martensites in Cu75. 7Al15. 4Mn8. 9 shape memory alloy. Acta materialia, 50, 1835-1847.

DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6454(02)00035-6

[29] Kaouache, B., Berveiller, S., Inal, K., Eberhardt, A., & Patoor, E. (2004). Stress analysis of martensitic transformation in Cu-Al-Be polycrystalline and single-crystalline shape memory alloy. Materials Science and Engineering A, 378, 232-237.

DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2003.10.348

[30] Bruckner, G., Köntges, A., & Gottstein, G. (1999). Microstructure and texture development during the phase transformation in an Fe-Ni-Co-Ti shape memory alloy. Steel Research, 70, 188-192.

DOI: 10.1002/srin.199905624

[31] Randle, V. (2009). Application of electron backscatter diffraction to materials science: status in 2009. J. Mater Sci., 44, 4211-4218.

DOI: 10.1007/s10853-009-3570-0

[32] Petrov, R., Kestens, L., Wasilikowka, A., & Houbert, Y. (2007). Microstructure and texture of a lightly deformed TRIP-assisted steel characterized by means of the EBSD technique. Materials Science and Engineering A, 447, 285.

DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2006.10.023

[33] Wilson, A., & Spanos, G. (2001). Application of orientation imaging microscopy to study phase transformations in steels. Materials Characterization, 46, 407-418.

DOI: 10.1016/s1044-5803(01)00140-1

[34] Hase, K., & Tsuji, N. (2011). Effect of initial microstructure on ultrafine grain formation through warm deformation in medium-carbon steels. Scripta Materialia, 65, 404-407.

DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2011.05.018

[35] Koblischka-Veneva, A., Gachot, C., Leibenguth, P., & Mücklich, F. (2007). Investigation of microstructure of bulk Ni2MnGa alloy by means of electron backscatter diffraction analysis. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 316, e431-e434.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2007.02.171

[36] Li, H., Yin, F., Sawaguchi, T., Ogawa, K., Zhao, X., & Tsuzaki, K. (2008). Texture evolution analysis of warm-rolled Fe-28Mn-6Si-5Cr shape memory alloy. Materials Science and Engineering A, 494, 217-226.

DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2008.05.013

[37] Zhang, K. M., Zuo, J., Grosdidier, T., Gey, N., Weber, S., Yang, D. Z., et al. (2007).

[38] Mao, S., Han, X., Luo, J., & Zhang, Z. (2005). Microstructure and texture evolution of ultra-thin TiNi hot-rolled sheets studied by automated EBSD. Materials Letters, 59, 3567-3571.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2005.06.029

[39] Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Esling, C., Zhao, X., Wang, Y., & Zuo, L. (2010). New approach to twin interfaces of modulated martensite. Applied Crystallography, 43, 617-622.

DOI: 10.1107/s002188981000868x

[40] Cong, D., Zhang, Y., Esling, C., Wang, Y., Lecomte, J., Zhao, X., et al. (2011).

[41] Scheerbaum, N., Lai, Y., Leisegang, T., Thomas, M., Liu, J., Khlopkov, K., et al. (2010). Constraint-dependent twin variant distribution in Ni2MnGa single crystal, polycrystals and thin film: An EBSD study. Acta Materialia, 58, 4629-4638.

DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2010.04.030

[42] Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Esling, C., Zhao, X., & Zuo, L. (2011). Twin relationships of 5M modulated martensite in Ni-Mn-Ga alloy. Acta Materialia, 59, 3390-3397.

DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2011.02.014

[43] Basu, R., Jain, L., Maji, B., Krishnan, M., Mani Krishna, K., Samajdar, I., et al. (2012).

[44] Rao, G., Wang, J., Han, E., & Ke, W. (2006). Study of residual stress accumulation in TiNi shape memory alloy during fatigue using EBSD technique. Materials Letters, 60, 779-782.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2005.10.023

[45] Luo, J., Mao, S., Han, X., & Zhang, Z. (2007). Crystallographic mechanisms of fracture in a textured polycrystalline TiNi shape memory alloy. Journal of Applied Physics, 102, 043526.

DOI: 10.1063/1.2764215

[46] Goryczka, T. (2009). Texture and structure of grain boundary in Ni-Ti strip produced by twin roll casting technique. Z. Kristallogr. Suppl., 30, 303-308.

DOI: 10.1524/zksu.2009.0044

[47] Pötschke, M., Gaitzsch, U., Roth, S., Rellinghaus, B., & Schultz, L. (2007). Preparation of melt textured Ni-Mn-Ga. Journal of Magnetism an Magnetic Materials, 316, 383-385.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2007.03.032

[48] Koblinschka-Veneva, A., Koblischka, M., Schmauch, J., Mitra, A., & Panda, A. (2010).

[49] Sturz, L., Drevermann, A., Hecht, U., Pagounis, E., & Laufenberg, M. (2010). Production and characterization of large single crystals made of ferromagnetic shape memory alloys Ni-Mn-Ga. Physics Procedia, 10, 81-86.

DOI: 10.1016/j.phpro.2010.11.079

[50] Gugel, H., & Theisen, W. (2009). Microstructural investigations of laser welded dissimilar Nickel-Titanium-steel joints. ESOMAT 2009, (p.05009). DOI: 10. 1051/esomat/200905009.

DOI: 10.1051/esomat/200905009

[51] Suresh, K., Kim, D., Bhaumik, S., & Suwas, S. (2012). Interrelation of grain boundary microstructure and texture in a hot rolled Ni-rich NiTi alloy. Scripta Materialia, 66, 602-605.

DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.01.016

[52] Rodríguez, P., Ibarra, A., Iza-Mendia, A., Recarte, V., Pérez-Landazábal, J., San Juan, J., et al. (2004).

[53] Cong, D., Zhang, Y., Esling, C., Wang, Y., Zhao, X., & Zuo, L. (2011). Modification of preferred martensitic variant distribution by high magnetic field annealing in an Ni-Mn-Ga alloy. Applied Crystallography, 44, 1033-1039.

DOI: 10.1107/s0021889811027671

[54] Biswas, A., & Krishnan, M. (2010). Deformation Studies of Ni55Fe19Ga26 Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloy. Physics Procedia, 10, 105-110.

[55] Maji, B., Krishnan, M., Hiwarkar, V., Samajdar I., & Ray, R. (2009). Development of texture and Microstructure During Cold Rolling and Annealing of a Fe-Based Shape Memory Alloy. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 18(5-6), 588-593.

DOI: 10.1007/s11665-009-9428-4

[56] Otubo, J., Mei, P., Koshimizu, S., Shinohara, A., & Suzuki, C. (1999).

[57] Mao, S., Luo, J., Zhang, Z., Wu, M., Liu, Y., & Han, X. (2010). EBSD studies of the stress-induced B2-B19' martensitic transformation in NiTi tubes under uniaxial tension and compression. Acta Materialia, 58, 3357-3366.

DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2010.02.009

[58] Pötschke, M., Weiss, S., Gaitzsch, U., Cong, D., Hürrich, C., Roth, S., et al. (2010). Magnetically resettable 0. 16% free strain in polycrystalline Ni-Mn-Ga plates. Scripta Materialia, 63, 383-386.

DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2010.04.027

[59] Min, X., Sawaguchi, T., Zhang, X., & Tsuzaki, K. (2012). Reasons for incomplete shape recovery in polycrystalline Fe-Mn-Si shape memory alloys. Scripta Materialia, in press.

DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.03.015

[60] Bassani, P., Giuliani, P., Tuissi, A., & Zanotti, C. (2009). Thermomechanical Properties of Porous NiTi Alloy Produced by SHS. JMEPEG, 18, 594-599.

DOI: 10.1007/s11665-009-9493-8

[61] Toro, A., Zhou, F., Wu, M., Van Geertruyden, W., & Misiolek, W. (2009). Characterization of Non-Metallic Inclusions in Superelastic NiTi Tubes. JMEPEG, 18, 448-458.

DOI: 10.1007/s11665-009-9410-1

[62] Verbeken, K., Van Caenegem, N., & Verhaege, M. (2008). Quantification of the amount of ε martensite in a Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni shape memory alloy by means of electron backscatter diffraction. Materials Science and Engineering A, 481-482, 471-475.

DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2007.01.188

[63] Verbeken, K., Van Caenegem, N., & Raabe, D. (2009). Identification of ε martensite in a Fe-based shape memory alloy by means of EBSD. Micron, 40, 151-156.

DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2007.12.012

[64] Lackmann, J., Regenspurger, R., Maxisch, M., Grundmeier, G., & Maier, H. (2010). Defect formation in thin polyelectrolyte films on polycrystalline NiTi substrates. Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials, 3, 436-445.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2010.03.008

[65] Lackmann, J., Niendorf, T., Maxisch, M., Grundmeier, G., & Maier, H. (2011). High-resolution in-situ characterization of the surface evolution of a polycrystalline NiTi SMA under pseudoelastic deformation. Materials Characterization, 62, 298-303.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2010.12.008

[66] Merzouki, T., Collard, C., Bourgeois, N., Ben Zineb, T., & Meraghni, F. (2010). Coupling between measured kinematic fields and multicrystal SMA. Mechanics of Materials, 42, 72-95.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mechmat.2009.09.003

[67] Bourgeois, N., Meraghni, F., & Ben Zineb, T. (2010). Measurement of local strain heterogeneities in superelastic shape memory alloys by digital image correlation. Physics Procedia, 10, 4-10.

DOI: 10.1016/j.phpro.2010.11.066

[68] Sekido, K., Ohmura T., Sawaguchi, T., Koyama , M., Park, H., & Tsuzaki, K. (2011). Nanoindentation/atomic force microscopy analyses of ε-martensitic transformation and shape memory effect in Fe-28Mn-6Si-5Cr alloy. Scripta Materialia, 65, 942-945.

DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2011.08.010

[69] Pfetzing-Micklich, J., Ghisleni, R., Simon, T., Somsen, C., Michler, J., & Eggeler, G. (2012).

[70] Delpueyo, D., Grédiac, M., Balandraud, X., & Badulescu, C. (2012). Investigation of martensitic microstructures in a monocrystalline Cu-Al-Be shape memory alloy with the grid method and infrared thermography. Mechanics of Materials, 45, 34-51.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mechmat.2011.09.007

[71] Schaffer, J. (2009). Structure-Property Relationships in Conventional and Nanocrystalline NiTi Intermetallic Alloy Wire. JMEPEG, 18, 582-587.

DOI: 10.1007/s11665-009-9369-y

[72] Gall, K., Lim, T., McDowell, D., Sehitoglu, H., & Chumlyakov, Y. (2000). The role of intergranular constrain on the stress-induced martensitic transformation in textured polycrystalline NiTi. International Journal of Plasticity, 16, 1189-1214.

DOI: 10.1016/s0749-6419(00)00007-3

[73] Waitz, T., Kazykhanov, V., & Karnthaler, H. (2004). Martensitic phase transformations in nanocrystalline NiTi studied by TEM. Acta Materialia, 52, 137-147.

DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2003.08.036

[74] Saburi, T., & Nenno, S. (1981). Proc. Int. Conf. on Solid -Solid Phase Transformations (p.1455). Pittsburgh: Met. Joc. AIME.

[75] Inoue, H., Miwa, N., & Inakazu, N. (1996). Texture and shape memory strain in TiNi alloy sheets. Acta Mater., 44(12), 4825-4834.

DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6454(96)00120-6

[76] Liu, Y., Xie, Z., Van Humbeeck, J., & Delaey, L. (1999). Effect of texture orientation on the martensite deformation of NiTi shape memory alloy sheet. Acta mater., 47(2), 645-660.

DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6454(98)00376-0

[77] Shu, Y., & Bhattacharya, K. (1998). The influence of texture on the shape memory effect in polycrystals. Acta Mater., 46(15), 5457-5473.

DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6454(98)00184-0

[78] Gall, K., & Sehitoglu, H. (1999). The role of texture in tension-compression asymmetry in polycrystalline NiTi. International Journal of Plasticity, 15, 69-92.

DOI: 10.1016/s0749-6419(99)00020-0

[79] Gall, K., Sehitoglu, H., Anderson, R., Karaman, I., Chumlykov, Y., & Kireeva, I. (2001).

[80] Mao, S. C., Han, X., Tian, Y., Luo, J., Zhang, Z., Ji, Y., et al. (2008).

[81] Niendorf, T., Lackmann, J., Gorny, B., & Maier, H. (2011). In situ characterization of martensite variant formation in nickel-titanium shape memory alloy under biaxial loading. Scripta Materialia, 65, 915-918.

DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2011.08.011

[82] Robertson, S., Imbeni, V., Wenk, H., & Ritchie, R. (2004). Crystallographic texture for tube and plate of the superelastic/shape memory alloy Nitinol used for endovascular stents. Journal of Biomedical Materials.

DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30214

[83] Pons, J., Cesari, E., Seguí, C., Masdeu, F., & Santamarta, R. (2008). Ferromagnetic shape memory alloys: alternatives to Ni-Mn-Ga. Materials Science and Engineering A, 481-482, 57-65.

DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2007.02.152

[84] Cong, D., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Humbert, M., Zhao, X., Watanabe, T., et al. (2007). Experiment and theoretical prediction of martensitic transformation crystallography in a Ni-Mn-Ga ferromagnetic shape memory alloy. Acta Materialia, 55, 4731-4740.

DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2007.04.045

[85] Hürrich, C., Wendrock, H., Pötschke, M., Gaitzsch, U., Roth, S., Rellinghaus, B., et al. (2009). Analysis of Variant Orientation Before and After Compression in Polycrystalline Ni50Mn29Ga21 MSMA. JMEPEG, 18, 554-557.

DOI: 10.1007/s11665-009-9457-z

[86] Sato, A., Chishima, E., Soma, E., & Mori, T. (1982). Shape memory effect in γ↔ε transformation in Fe-30Mn-1Si alloy single crystals. Acta Metall., 30, 1177-1183.

DOI: 10.1016/0001-6160(82)90011-6

[87] Kajiwara, S. (1999). Characteristic features of shape memory effect and related transformation behavior in Fe-based alloys. Materials Science and Engineering A, 273-275, 67-88.

DOI: 10.1016/s0921-5093(99)00290-7

[88] Otubo, J., Mei, P., de Lima, N., Morelli Serna, M., & Gallego, E. (2007).

[89] Van Caenegem, N., Verbeken, K., Petrov, R., Van der Pers, N., & Houbaert, Y. (2008). Shape Recovery and ε-γ Transformation in Fe29Mn7Si5Cr SMA. Advances in Science and Technology, 59, 86-91.

[90] Hosoda, H., Kinoshita, Y., Fului, Y., Inamura, T., Wakashima, K., Kim, H., et al. (2006).

[91] Inamura, T., Kinoshita, Y., Kim, J., Kim, H., Hosoda, H., Wakashima, K., et al. (2006). Effect of {001}<110> texture on superelastic strain of Ti-Nb-Al biomedical shape memory alloys. Materials Science and Engineering A, 438-440, 865-869.

DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2006.02.092

[92] Ma, J., Karaman, I., Kockar, B., Maier, H., & Chumlyakov, Y. (2011). Severe plastic deformation of Ti74Nb26 shape memory alloys. Materials Science and Engineering A, 528, 7628-7635.

DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2011.06.051

[93] Cui, W., Guo, A., Zhou, L., & Liu, C. (2010). Crystal orientation dependence of Young's modulus in Ti-Nb-based β-titanium alloy. Technological Sciences, 53(6), 1513-1519.

DOI: 10.1007/s11431-010-3154-x

[94] Clarke, A., Field, R., Dickerson, P., McCabe, R., Swadener, J., Hackenberg, R., et al. (2009). A microcompression study of shape-memory deformation in U-13at% Nb. Scripta Materialia, 60, 890-892.

DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2009.02.003

[95] Clarke, A., Field, R., McCabe, R., Cady, C., Hackenberg, R., & Thoma, D. (2008). EBSD and FIB/TEM examination of shape memory effect deformation structures in U-14at% Nb. Acta Materialia, 56, 2638-2648.

DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2008.02.008

[96] Tuissi, A., Bassani, P., & Passaretti, F. (2008).