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Online since: October 2011
Authors: Zhi Bin Li, Xi Ju Lu
To find some original factors influenced on the energy efficiency, we used energy data concerned during 1996-2008 in China and calculated the efficiency data in Laspeyres Decomposition, then analyzed the factors' influence values and energy efficiency's developing trend, at last, put forward the strategic advice.
The data showed that energy intensity has declined from 1996 to 2008, and energy intensity change was mainly affected by technological progress factors.
Because the change value of energy intensity is the value that the latter energy intensity has reduced the original one, so if the value is negative, is that the factor has played a positive role in promoting on the overall energy intensity reduction, otherwise not.
Data Description and Analysis The paper used the data during 1996-2008 from "China Statistical Almanac" and "China Energy Statistical Almanac" to analyze.
And sorted out the three of China's industrial output, the proportion of the structure, as well as industrial energy consumption data from the Almanacs, then applied the above-mentioned formulas to calculate.
The data showed that energy intensity has declined from 1996 to 2008, and energy intensity change was mainly affected by technological progress factors.
Because the change value of energy intensity is the value that the latter energy intensity has reduced the original one, so if the value is negative, is that the factor has played a positive role in promoting on the overall energy intensity reduction, otherwise not.
Data Description and Analysis The paper used the data during 1996-2008 from "China Statistical Almanac" and "China Energy Statistical Almanac" to analyze.
And sorted out the three of China's industrial output, the proportion of the structure, as well as industrial energy consumption data from the Almanacs, then applied the above-mentioned formulas to calculate.
Online since: February 2008
Authors: Hamid Reza Rezaie, F. Golestani Fard, Rahim Naghizadeh
The
spinel formation takes place under different oxygen pressures ( 2OP ) in the refractory lining from air
( 2OP = 0.21atm) to strong reduction atmosphere ( 2OP < 10
-15atm).
Spinel reduction mechanism could be defined as the reaction 7.
In carbon containing specimens or in reducing atmosphere, the thermodynamic datas from JANAF tables [12] for Al-C-O system shown that Al (g) have high partial pressure at 1600˚K.
The microstructure of SPGAl samples fired in air and coke bed were similar to SPAl sample with the exception of presence of graphite in reduction atmosphere and higher amount of intergranular porosity.
Conf. on Refractories 2004, p. 104 [12] JANAF Thermochemical Data sec. ed., National Standard Reference Data System, National Bureau of Standards us.
Spinel reduction mechanism could be defined as the reaction 7.
In carbon containing specimens or in reducing atmosphere, the thermodynamic datas from JANAF tables [12] for Al-C-O system shown that Al (g) have high partial pressure at 1600˚K.
The microstructure of SPGAl samples fired in air and coke bed were similar to SPAl sample with the exception of presence of graphite in reduction atmosphere and higher amount of intergranular porosity.
Conf. on Refractories 2004, p. 104 [12] JANAF Thermochemical Data sec. ed., National Standard Reference Data System, National Bureau of Standards us.
Online since: December 2010
Authors: A.L. Sukhachev, A.Y. Strokova, A.V. Malakhovskii
Basing on this data, absolute values and temperature dependences of the paramagnetic magneto-optical activity (MOA) of the transitions were determined.
On the basis of MCD (Fig. 1) and absorption spectra we have calculated MOA of the observed f-f transitions (parameter A in Eq. 1), using the room temperature data (see Table 1), and we have found temperature dependences of MOA (parameter a in Eq. 1) of the transitions 6H15/2 → 6F5/2 , 6(F7/2 +H5/2) and 6(F9/2+H7/2) (Figs. 2-5).
Reduction of the experimental MOA as compared with the maximum theoretical ones means that there are several contributions in MOA corresponding to several admixed states.
Jf 9/2 9/2 7/2 7/2 5/2 3/2 λ 4 6 4 6 6 6 t 3; 5 5; 7 3; 5 5; 7 5; 7 5; 7 A +4.9; -3.93 +4.5; -3.86 +5.66; -4.53 +5; -4.28 +5.38; -4.61 +5.66; -4.88 Comparing results presented in Table 2 with the experimental data of Table 1 we can find spherical harmonics active in f-f transition allowance.
On the basis of MCD (Fig. 1) and absorption spectra we have calculated MOA of the observed f-f transitions (parameter A in Eq. 1), using the room temperature data (see Table 1), and we have found temperature dependences of MOA (parameter a in Eq. 1) of the transitions 6H15/2 → 6F5/2 , 6(F7/2 +H5/2) and 6(F9/2+H7/2) (Figs. 2-5).
Reduction of the experimental MOA as compared with the maximum theoretical ones means that there are several contributions in MOA corresponding to several admixed states.
Jf 9/2 9/2 7/2 7/2 5/2 3/2 λ 4 6 4 6 6 6 t 3; 5 5; 7 3; 5 5; 7 5; 7 5; 7 A +4.9; -3.93 +4.5; -3.86 +5.66; -4.53 +5; -4.28 +5.38; -4.61 +5.66; -4.88 Comparing results presented in Table 2 with the experimental data of Table 1 we can find spherical harmonics active in f-f transition allowance.
Online since: October 2014
Authors: Zhong Qi Dong, Hui Zhu Tian, Wei Qing Huang, Ying Yang, Wen Xin Li
Based on the analysis of the specific case in the actual business decision-making, this article lists the average in the prediction, reducing work load and the gross profit maximum problems; through the establishment of random variable model, using the theory of mathematical expectation for data measured to choose the best scheme, method and procedure to provide policy makers who make the best choice the best theoretical basis; aiming to make the operators more scientific and rational when choosing investment and catching investment opportunity, Mathematical expectation plays an important role in economic activities.
For example, when p = 0.1, k = 2, 1-E(X)=0.92-0.5=0.31 If the enterprise has 10000, it reduces by3100 times, that is, a reduction of 31% of the workload.
Known from the calculation of the table data above, the more probable the service/useful life of this kind of appliance with the three years is,the more profits of corresponding market gets.
Visible through the calculation of data above, you can use the profit expectation to analyze this problem.
For example, when p = 0.1, k = 2, 1-E(X)=0.92-0.5=0.31 If the enterprise has 10000, it reduces by3100 times, that is, a reduction of 31% of the workload.
Known from the calculation of the table data above, the more probable the service/useful life of this kind of appliance with the three years is,the more profits of corresponding market gets.
Visible through the calculation of data above, you can use the profit expectation to analyze this problem.
Online since: February 2006
Authors: Jian Bao Li, Gang Feng Guo, Hong Lin, Xiao Zhan Yang, Long Liang, Ming Sheng He
The present work presents a comparison of properties and performance data
for samples made with different particle size.
Size(um) Sintering temperature(°C) 1 200(1#) 1250 2 200(1#) 1275 3 200(1#) 1300 4 200(1#) 1325 5 200(1#) 1350 6 300(2#) 1250 7 300(2#) 1275 8 300(2#) 1300 9 300(2#) 1325 10 300(2#) 1350 Results and Discussion Corresponding to its processing parameters, a number of data were collected to characterize the microstructure of the ceramic body .The mean pore size, overall porosity, PWP and permeability can all be shown as a function of the sintering temperature, where the smaller sized samples are compared with the larger ones.
Pure water permeation data for the set versus sintering temperature.
The samples were left in the cell and monitored over time so that the PWP recorded was a stable value reached after some amount of flux reduction, often after several hours.
Size(um) Sintering temperature(°C) 1 200(1#) 1250 2 200(1#) 1275 3 200(1#) 1300 4 200(1#) 1325 5 200(1#) 1350 6 300(2#) 1250 7 300(2#) 1275 8 300(2#) 1300 9 300(2#) 1325 10 300(2#) 1350 Results and Discussion Corresponding to its processing parameters, a number of data were collected to characterize the microstructure of the ceramic body .The mean pore size, overall porosity, PWP and permeability can all be shown as a function of the sintering temperature, where the smaller sized samples are compared with the larger ones.
Pure water permeation data for the set versus sintering temperature.
The samples were left in the cell and monitored over time so that the PWP recorded was a stable value reached after some amount of flux reduction, often after several hours.
Online since: March 2013
Authors: Qiu Wei Wang, Qing Xuan Shi, Zhao Hui Han
The limit states of all seismic performance levels and their dominating parameters of masonry-infilled frame structures are put forward, and quantified performance index of this structure are obtained on the basis of statistical test data.
Combining with above dominating standards and on the premise of satisfying certain safety guarantee rate, the storey-drift angle limitation about five performance levels of basically well, slightly damaged, moderately damaged, seriously damaged and collapse prevention are respectively 1/1400, 1/500, 1/150, 1/50 and >1/50 on the basis of collecting experimental data[3-5].
The former reflect nonlinear characteristics of structures using force reduction factor, and the calculation process does not need repeated iteration and the results converge well.
Based on the regression analysis of the test data, the storey-drift angle limitation about five performance levels are respectively 1/1400, 1/500, 1/150, 1/50 and >1/50. 3.
Combining with above dominating standards and on the premise of satisfying certain safety guarantee rate, the storey-drift angle limitation about five performance levels of basically well, slightly damaged, moderately damaged, seriously damaged and collapse prevention are respectively 1/1400, 1/500, 1/150, 1/50 and >1/50 on the basis of collecting experimental data[3-5].
The former reflect nonlinear characteristics of structures using force reduction factor, and the calculation process does not need repeated iteration and the results converge well.
Based on the regression analysis of the test data, the storey-drift angle limitation about five performance levels are respectively 1/1400, 1/500, 1/150, 1/50 and >1/50. 3.
Online since: October 2006
Authors: Byeong Soo Lim, Bum Joon Kim, Young H. Kim, Sung Jin Song
Under the creep-fatigue interaction, the main cause of life reduction is the
initiation and growth of microvoid with increasing hold time.
As shown in Fig. 1, a new parameter of backscattered Rayleigh surface wave, SDA, the slope of decaying amplitude, γ, was introduced in order to correlate backscattering data to materials degradation.
From the experimental data, the following relation given by Eq. 1 was obtained.
As is obviously represented in Fig. 3, the lines given by Eq. 1 fit the experimental data reasonably well.
As shown in Fig. 1, a new parameter of backscattered Rayleigh surface wave, SDA, the slope of decaying amplitude, γ, was introduced in order to correlate backscattering data to materials degradation.
From the experimental data, the following relation given by Eq. 1 was obtained.
As is obviously represented in Fig. 3, the lines given by Eq. 1 fit the experimental data reasonably well.
Online since: September 2013
Authors: Da Wei Zhang, Xiao Jian Xie
TCP mode), a data connection channel can be established to carry out rapid transmission of large amounts of data.
A long and large data transmission can be realized by using this way, but the delay of data transmission is relatively large.
The process that using DataSocket Server to perform distributed data communication is as follow: the releaser of the test data writes the data to the DataSocket Server by using DataSocket API, and then the user of the test data read the data from the DataSocket Server by using Server API.
Moreover, users can use the database management technology to realize the function of data storage and data playback, so query and management of the data is convenient for users.
When data arrives at DataSocket Server data channel, the data will trigger the data update event of the ActiveX client control, and then the ActiveX client control will read data from DataSocket Server in the event function to perform display and other operations.
A long and large data transmission can be realized by using this way, but the delay of data transmission is relatively large.
The process that using DataSocket Server to perform distributed data communication is as follow: the releaser of the test data writes the data to the DataSocket Server by using DataSocket API, and then the user of the test data read the data from the DataSocket Server by using Server API.
Moreover, users can use the database management technology to realize the function of data storage and data playback, so query and management of the data is convenient for users.
When data arrives at DataSocket Server data channel, the data will trigger the data update event of the ActiveX client control, and then the ActiveX client control will read data from DataSocket Server in the event function to perform display and other operations.
Online since: February 2011
Authors: Sahari B. Barkawi, J. Mai Nursherida, A.A. Nuraini
The CAD model of the bumper was first created using CATIA software and the data was imported and the surfaces were created and meshed using LS-DYNA V971 software.
Material E11 (GPa) E22 (GPa) E33 (GPa) G12 (GPa) G13 (GPa) G23 (GPa) υ12 υ13 υ23 ρ (kg/m3) E-glass/epoxy 44.6 13.4 13.4 4.4 4.4 5.0 0.317 0.317 0.342 2040 Carbon/epoxy 150.7 13.3 13.3 4.9 4.9 4.8 0.287 0.287 0.390 1554 Table 4 Result Comparison No Bumper Beam Material Fiber Configuration Thickness of each layer(mm) Total Thickness (mm) Internal Energy (kJ) Specific Energy Absorption (kJ/kg) Mass (kg) Mass reduction compared with steel (%) 1 Steel Isotropic N/A 1.2 3.76 1.405 2.676 0 2 AA5182 Isotropic N/A 1.6 3.38 2.798 1.208 54.86 3 AA5182 Isotropic N/A 1.8 3.84 2.826 1.359 49.22 4 AA5182 Isotropic N/A 2.0 4.27 2.828 1.510 43.57 5 Glass A [0o/60o] S 0.5 2.0 4.01 3.481 1.152 56.95 6 Glass B [0o/30o/60o] S 0.4 2.1 4.26 3.521 1.210 54.78 7 Glass C [0o/30o/60o/90o] S 0.3 2.4 4.88 3.531 1.382 48.36 8 Carbon A [0o/60o] S 0.5 2.0 4.95 5.638 0.878 67.19 9 Carbon B [0o/30o/60o] S 0.4 2.1 5.03 5.461 0.921 65.58 10 Carbon C [0o/30o/60o/90o] S 0.3 2.4 5.68 5.394 1.053 60.65
In carbon epoxy bumper (Carbon A) the maximum weight reduction is 67.2% compared with steel bumper mass as shown in Table 4.
Carbon/epoxy composite bumper reduced the bumper mass with 67.2% of weight reduction and has highest value of SEA with 5.638 kJ/kg followed by e- glass composite bumper with 3.531 kJ/kg of SEA. 2.
Material E11 (GPa) E22 (GPa) E33 (GPa) G12 (GPa) G13 (GPa) G23 (GPa) υ12 υ13 υ23 ρ (kg/m3) E-glass/epoxy 44.6 13.4 13.4 4.4 4.4 5.0 0.317 0.317 0.342 2040 Carbon/epoxy 150.7 13.3 13.3 4.9 4.9 4.8 0.287 0.287 0.390 1554 Table 4 Result Comparison No Bumper Beam Material Fiber Configuration Thickness of each layer(mm) Total Thickness (mm) Internal Energy (kJ) Specific Energy Absorption (kJ/kg) Mass (kg) Mass reduction compared with steel (%) 1 Steel Isotropic N/A 1.2 3.76 1.405 2.676 0 2 AA5182 Isotropic N/A 1.6 3.38 2.798 1.208 54.86 3 AA5182 Isotropic N/A 1.8 3.84 2.826 1.359 49.22 4 AA5182 Isotropic N/A 2.0 4.27 2.828 1.510 43.57 5 Glass A [0o/60o] S 0.5 2.0 4.01 3.481 1.152 56.95 6 Glass B [0o/30o/60o] S 0.4 2.1 4.26 3.521 1.210 54.78 7 Glass C [0o/30o/60o/90o] S 0.3 2.4 4.88 3.531 1.382 48.36 8 Carbon A [0o/60o] S 0.5 2.0 4.95 5.638 0.878 67.19 9 Carbon B [0o/30o/60o] S 0.4 2.1 5.03 5.461 0.921 65.58 10 Carbon C [0o/30o/60o/90o] S 0.3 2.4 5.68 5.394 1.053 60.65
In carbon epoxy bumper (Carbon A) the maximum weight reduction is 67.2% compared with steel bumper mass as shown in Table 4.
Carbon/epoxy composite bumper reduced the bumper mass with 67.2% of weight reduction and has highest value of SEA with 5.638 kJ/kg followed by e- glass composite bumper with 3.531 kJ/kg of SEA. 2.
Online since: June 2011
Authors: Yan Hua Wang, Yuan Yuan Liu
The data was analyzed and the potential distribution maps were graphed using Surfer 8.0 software.
Under such thin electrolyte layer, the reduction reaction of oxygen is believed to play a vital role in the cathodic process.
Under such thin electrolyte layer, the cathodic process is mainly the reduction of O2.
Owing to the dense internal layer, the cathodic reduction reaction is difficult to proceed.
Under such thin electrolyte layer, the reduction reaction of oxygen is believed to play a vital role in the cathodic process.
Under such thin electrolyte layer, the cathodic process is mainly the reduction of O2.
Owing to the dense internal layer, the cathodic reduction reaction is difficult to proceed.