Search results

The effect of different preparation conditions on the optical transmission spectrums of LiNbO3 films deposited with constant number of pulses are presented in figure 1.
The optical band gap values are increased at both laser wavelengths after the annealing process is due to shrinkage in the grain size as a result of this process.
That means, the Eg is inversely proportional to the grain size diameter [44-47].
The AFM data show the creation of a homogeneous dense surface with excellent grain dispersion.
With individual columnar grains extending upwards [60-62].

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 2019) stated that China ranked on the number fifth in producing sunflower seeds in the world.
Gravimetric properties are used in the sizing of grain hopper and storage facilities.
The physical and mechanical (engineering) properties for different types of seed crops have been studied such as soybeans, oil beans, sunflower, pigeon pea, rough rice grain, jatropha seed, Karanja kernel, soybean grains, and alfalfa [15]–[24].
Mohtasebi, “Moisture-dependent some engineering properties of soybean grains,” Agric.
Heidari; Rafiee, S.; Kheiralipour, “Some physical properties of rough rice (Oryza Sativa L.) grain,” J.

Its malleability has also allowed it to be rolled and molded into very thin sheets, which have been employed in a number of packaging applications [3].
The number of phases and their grain sizes, for example, determine the strength and hardness of materials.
The grain size and flaws in the material determine the electrical and magnetic properties, as well as the corrosion behaviour [19].
The corrosion resistance of composite material reduces as the number of particles in the matrix from the aluminium alloy grows, according to [23].
Exfoliation was seen to be a transition from pitting to intergranular to general corrosion at grain boundaries.

Average grain size of this material is 7.2m.
But, after sufficient number of experimental data were filed up for each fracture mode, exact P-S-N characteristics should be analyzed for the respective fracture modes.
According to a series of such observations for all the failed specimens, it was found that the number of crack initiation sites tended to decrease with increasing fatigue life.
Thus, this evidence can be attributed to the appearance of “twins” in the crystal grains along the flat area at the crack initiation site.
Thus, the characteristic saw-toothed morphology in the crack propagation path is suggested to be produced by “slips” along small number of slip systems of individual crystalline grains along the crack propagation path.

In this table, it can also be seen that the number of particles whose sizes are less than 75μm comprise more than 50%.
It shows that the particle diameters of magnetite are finer, and that the particles are close-grained.
They can form a close-grained trees structure in the magnetic seal device which can absorb a smaller granule.
With time, a close-grained rampart comes into being in the magnetic seal gap which can work for the seal effectively.
Experiments show that only few magnetic particles can seal perfectly because they can wrap numbers of non-magnetic particles to form the group and then plug the narrow district.

(1) Where λ is the thermal conductivity, σe is the electrical conductivity, T is the temperature in Kelvin, L is the Lorentz number and C is a constant.
The greater the number of free electrons is, and the less scattering they suffered, the better the conductivity becomes.
(5) Compared with equation (1), the physical meaning of the constant C must be the contribution of phonon in the materials, which can be affected by the phonon collision process and the grain boundary scattering.
In the Al-9Si-0.7Fe-xCu alloys, it has been observed that many rod-like eutectic silicon phase and needle β-Fe phase were precipitated on grain boundaries, as shown in Fig.2.
The semiconductor characteristics of silicon precipitated in the grain boundaries may be the main reason for the reduction of the phonon contribution in the thermal conductivity.

The resulting grain size of all materials was 50 ± 5 µm.
For all alloys, the Md30 temperature at which a true plastic strain of 30% leads to a formation if 50% of strain-induced martensite was calculated according to an equation published by Nohara et al. [1]: Md30 [°C] = 551 – 462 wt% C – 9.2 wt% Si – 8.1 wt% Mn – 13.7 wt% Cr (1) – 29 wt% Ni – 18.5 wt% Mo – 29 wt% Cu – 68 wt% Nb – 462 wt% N – 1.42 (grain size[ASTM] – 8.0) Table 1: Chemical composition of the investigated austenitic stainless steel; values in wt% with iron being the dependent substitutional element.
The numerical expression for calculating SFE is as follows (Vm=molar volume, N0=Avogadro number, s=interfacial energy): SFE = (DGg→e / Vm2/3 · N01/3) + 2 · s (2) This approach of calculating SFE values has been proven to be suitable for austenitic stainless steels especially with higher amounts of manganese and interstitial elements [8].
Acknowledgement The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the German Bundesministerium fuer Wirtschaft und Technologie (BMWi) under contract number 0327802D.
Ohashi, Composition and grain size dependencies of strain-induced martensitic transformation in metastable austenitic stainless steels, Journal of ISIJ 63 (1977) 5, 212-222 [2] L.

Fig.5 Line and point’s composition analysis by EDX 100μm DRZ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Al Fe Fig.4 Morphologies of DRZ after etching treatment Fe Al Layer1 Layer2 100μm Fig.3 Backscattered electron images of DRZ Al Fe Discussions The experimental results show that there are a thick layer of Fe2Al5 and a thin layer of FeAl3 in the DRZ under all HT conditions, the thickness of Fe2Al5 layer increases with increasing of temperature and extending of time but the thickness of FeAl3 layer does not change significantly; the iron is consumed rapidly; there are FeAl3 precipitates in the aluminum but no precipitates in the iron; the number and size of the FeAl3 precipitates go up with temperature increasing.
The Fe2Al5 grains firstly grow along the interface, and then together to form the continuous Fe2Al5 single-phase layer.
Fe2Al5 crystal possesses orthorhombic structure, a large number of vacancies along the C axis, so the Al atom diffuses faster in the C-axis direction.
The Fe atoms enrichment zone exists at the Al/Fe2Al5 interface, where the eutectic FeAl3 grains precipitate firstly during the cooling process.
Because the composition of Fe here is much higher than the eutectic composition of FeAl3, there are enough over-eutectic FeAl3 grains to precipitate and even to together into the entirety, forming the continuous FeAl3 single-phase layer.

The five positions of the thermocouple are numbered 1-5 in sequence, and the positions 1,2,3 and 4,5 are respectively at the same height, wherein the position 3 is located at the center thickness of the mould, and all the dimensions in the figure are millimeters.
This gap significantly reduces the heat flow between the casting and the mould, affecting the internal grain growth rate of the casting.
This gap has the following characteristics: ●Low thermal conductivity ●Low heat capacity ●Low Young’s modulus This numerical calculation parameter is widely used in the field of alloy casting, and a large number of studies have shown that the determination of thermal resistance is achieved by temperature measurement.
Since the dendrites structure is strictly dependent on the growth rate of the crystallographic direction, the uncontrolled solidification process will seriously affect the microstructure of the casting, and the abnormal growth of the grains will seriously affect the product quality, which determines the cooling rate instead of temperature, is the standard we consider.
Grain size distribution and interfacial heat transfer coefficient during solidification of magnesium alloys using high pressure die casting process.

These stresses influence localised corrosion by increasing the number of active anodic sites [9].
Optical microscopy observation The metallographic examination or study carried out on the surface thus prepared by optical microscopy makes it possible in particular to determine the nature of the structure, the grain size, the nature and the content of the inclusions.The micrographs were made with the NIKON metallographic microscope. 2.5.
The grains are strain hardened by cold rolling.
Such mechanical deformation induces important changes in the alloy structure, grain reduction and phase transformation.
After 16% cold working, it has been reported [29-31] that the number of dislocations along which the diffusion rate of chromium is very high (as compared to that in the austenitic matrix) increases.