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And the main reason is that a large number of Cu large particles passed through HfSiN diffusion barrier layer and reacted with Si substrate and oxygen to generate Cu3Si and CuO with high resistance. 1.
From Fig. 1(e), the holes increased obviously, which illustrates that a large number of Cu large particles have passed through HfSiN diffusion barrier layer and reacted with Si substrate and oxygen to generate Cu3Si and CuO with high resistance, HfSiN thin film is failure for anti-diffusion to Cu.
Cu3Si(111) and CuO(002) diffraction peaks become sharp after being annealed at 700℃, which indicates that a large number of Cu large particles have passed through barrier layer, and barrier layer failure.
But there is no diffraction peak of HfSiN in the XRD patterns after being annealed at 700℃, which means that barrier layer failure is not caused by crystallization of barrier layer, but caused by a large number of Cu large particles passed through HfSiN diffusion barrier layer and reacted with Si substrate and oxygen to generate Cu3Si and CuO with high resistance.
The main reason is that barrier material generated large particles after annealing 30 min above 600℃, a large number of Cu large particles passed through barrier layer’s grain boundaries and reacted with Si substrate and oxygen to generate Cu3Si and CuO with high resistance.

The effect of number of methylene, n, on the structure forming and the band gap magnitude has been studied.
The results demenstrate that the number of methylene has effect both on the forming of the layered structure and on the magnitude of the band gap.
When the number of the methylene, n is from Fig. 4 The images of the hybrids (C6H5CnH2nNH3)2PbI4, where (a) n=0,(b) n=1,(c) n=2. 0 to 1 and to 2, the crystal grains are from bar-shaped to blocks and to sheet-like.
So the difference of the interlayer distance should increase 2.415×2=4.830(Å) if the number of the methylene increase one.
The number of the methylene has obviously effect both on their layered structure forming and their values of the band gaps.

This material definition allows for computationally efficient calculations where homogenizing a full multi-grained RVE with anisotropic grains would be computationally-prohibitive using current computing methods.
Given these parameters, accompanied by the volume fraction V of precipitates to be placed, as well as the number N of precipitates to be simulated, the radius of particle major axis can be calculated as r = L[3λV/(4πN)].
Accuracy Two potential methods exist for ensuring accurate and repeatable RVE results, the use of a very large domain where the difference in effective response is minimized through incorporation of large numbers of precipitate interactions, requiring a large material domain, or, the averaging of results between simulations which incorporate fewer precipitates.
For each precipitate number, three microstructures were generated and their responses averaged to give a representative response for each.
These were used to determine any difference in average response between simulations incorporating different numbers of precipitates.

Introduction With increasing departures from equilibrium a number of morphological changes are observed during the growth of eutectic alloys.
In particular, as the liquid is progressively undercooled a number of systems, including Ni-Sn [[] T.
At relatively low undercoolings (~ 40 K) a fine-grained anomalous eutectic was formed which they concluded was due to the remelting of eutectic dendrites, while at high undercooling (~ 202 K) a coarse-grained anomalous eutectic was formed by partial remelting of single phase dendrites.
High speed video imaging is a useful technique that may be employed to investigate the solidification of undercooled melts and a number of alloys have been studied in this manner, including Ni-Ge [[] R.
As reported by a number of sources [e.g 6, [] C.

Crack resistance was determined from the measurement of the number of cracks near the indentation and from the determination of the critical stress intensity factor (K1c) by the indentation method.
The irradiated samples were observed to reduce the number of cracks and to decrease their length, and the coefficient K1c was increased.
Ionic irradiation of magnesium oxide leads to the formation of an additional number of dislocations at a depth up to 10 times that of the extrapolated ion range.
Golestani-Fard, Densification and grain growth of nanocrystalline 3Y-TZP during two-step sintering, Journal of the European Ceramic Society 28 (2008) 2933-2939
Dong, Texture modification, grain refinement and improved hardness/corrosion balance of a FeAl alloy by pulsed electron beam surface treatment in the “heating mode, Scripta Materialia 58 (2008) 1058–1061

The total number of voids increased with the peak stress and with pulse duration as observed in our experiments of incipient spall samples.
As shown in Fig. 3, the number of voids decreased with increased average diameter.
Therefore, for the same tensile pulse duration, increasing the loading stress resulted in an increase in the number of nucleated voids and a concomitant decrease in the average distance between voids.
Dickerson, Statistics of weak grain boundaries for spall damage in polycrystalline copper, Scr.
Zhao, Effect of grain size and arrangement on dynamic damage evolution of ductile metal, Chin.

Deposition of self-lubricating coatings for dry friction at a low friction coefficient (less than 0.1) by a number of modern PVD or CVD techniques is greatly advantageous due to no environmental pollution and a lower unload weight of vehicles.
The maximum number of cycles (depending on a sample) was set to 20000 and 40000.
XRD analysis revealed occurrence of two different silver molybdate phases, Ag2MoO4 (fcc) grains and Ag2Mo2O7 (monoclinic primitive; mp) ones (Fig. 6).
STEM-EDX line analyses confirmed non-homogenous distribution of Mo, O and Ag in the coating as well as the occurrence of grains enriched in Ag.
[7] ISO Standard Number 20808-2004: Fine Ceramics (Advanced Ceramics, Advanced Technical Ceramics) - determination of friction and wear characteristics of monolithic ceramics by the ball-on-disk method

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations [6,7] that solve Newton’s equation of motion for a collection of interacting particles over a number of time steps, have been demonstrated to be powerful to evaluate their properties of nanowires subjected to mechanical loading.
It indicates that vacancy defects hinder the dislocation movements, and induce the decrease of atomic coordination numbers and the increase of the mechanical strength of metallic bonds.
With some considerations of Pauling [32] and Goldschmidt [33], it is illustrated that the breaking of metallic bounds could induce atomic coordination number imperfection, which could shorten the remaining bonds of under-coordinated atoms and improve the mechanical strength of metallic bonds [34].
At 150 K, local amorphization only appear around the breaking necks of the nanowire, inducing the imperfection of atomic coordination number, and it is not obvious for the influence of temperature on its decreasing mechanical property of the nanowire.
Such as the work done by Hu et al. [35], they designed the super triple junctions in a grain boundary affected zone, and used the finest grains to get the nanocrystalline materials with good strength and good ductility.

The depth of crystallization becomes important for applications such as photovoltaics, which depends on a number of factors; with laser beam shape one of the most significant.
The research has been focused on to realising large grained polycrystalline silicon, with minimum surface roughness occurring upon crystallization. [4] A number of beam shapes has been utilized for crystallization, starting with a "top-hat" profile, as shown in Fig. 1(a).

The diffusivity of Pt, Ni and Al being dependant on the stoichiometry of the -NiAl coating, different metal particles may precipitate mainly at the NiAl grain boundaries.
In addition, many pores appear randomly distributed in the top area and aligned at the coatings' grain boundaries in the central zone.
From these values, it can be concluded that Ni, Cr, Co and Ta can diffuse outwardly at a similar rate as no grain boundaries exist in the alloy.
Many precipitates especially Cr, Co, Ta and W have been also shown to occur at the outer coating grain boundaries.
However, in another outwardly grown (Ni,Pt)Al coating, no significant number of precipitates was reported [23].