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The aim of this review, study of the linear and nonlinear phenomena, the basic functions offered by photonics electro-optic and nonlinear waveguide devices have been described and their use in more complex integrated optical components will be illustrated with examples from the fields of optical communications. 2- Theory of linear refractive index When the light passes through materials such as glass, there are three probabilities: it transmitted, absorbed and reflected.
The optical basicity of an oxide medium is a numerical expression of the average electron donor power of the oxide species constituting the medium and it is used as a measure of the acid–base properties of oxides, glasses, alloys, slags, molten salts, etc.
Sahraoui, Journal of Chemical Physics, Volume 114, Issue 18, pp. 8105-8112 (2001)
Keiss, IEEE Journal of quantum Electronics, 1 (1969) 12
Savikin Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, 77 (2004) 1245, Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii, Vol. 77 (2004) 1262

Furthermore, Se/Te alloy nanowires were synthesized by this method [87], and Ag2Se compound nanowires were obtained by treating selenium nanowires with AgNO3 [88, 89].
The ultimate aim for nanowires is to find applications in the nanoelectronic devices.
Lee, One-dimensional growth mechanism of crystalline silicon nanowires, Journal of Crystal Growth 197 (1999) 136-140
Xia, Large-scale synthesis of monodisperse nanorods of Se/Te alloys through a homogeneous nucleation and solution growth process, Adv.
Yu, Study on the microstructure and growth mechanism of electrochemical deposited ZnO nanowires, Journal of Crystal Growth 287 (1) (2006) 89-93

Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 18(1):28-41, 2005
AIAA Journal, 2323-2330, 2002
AIAA Journal, 46:1803-1813, 2008
AIAA Journal, 50(5):1019-1028, May 2012
AIAA Journal, 52(9):1952-1966, June 2014

Luminescent materials like fluorescent pigments, quantum dots, and rare-earth-doped compounds, when incorporated into polymers, produce films that enhance light absorption and improve spectral energy distribution.
This process occurs in chloroplasts through light absorption by chlorophyll which triggers electron transport and a series of enzymatic reactions that produce essential organic compounds and release oxygen.
Ongoing research aims to further improve the efficiency and functionality of these films, with projections indicating significant growth in the agricultural film industry by 2026 [119].
Dieleman, The effect of new developed fluorescent greenhouse films on the growth of Fragaria x ananassa 'Elsanta', European journal of horticultural science 71 (2006) 145-154
Hsu, Au–Cd 1−x Zn x S core–alloyed shell nanocrystals: boosting the interfacial charge dynamics by adjusting the shell composition, J.

There was used pure cellulose like a model compounds from the reason that, it is the main component of wood and during combustion there are released the most flammable products from it.
European Journal of Environmental and Safety Sciences.
European Journal of Environmental and Safety Sciences.
Alloy.
Kumar: Journal of Non-Oxide Glasses.

Balducci with the aim to understand the advantages and the limitations related to their use.
Sasaki, Electrolytic Properties of Tetramethylammonium Compound in Highly Concentrated Solutions and Its Application to Electric Double-Layer Capacitors, Electrochemistry 81 (2013) 811-813
Shin, Influence of Voltage Waveform on Anodic Film of AZ91 Mg Alloy via Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation: Microstructural Characteristics and Electrochemical Responses, J.
Alloys Compd. 586 (2014) S357-S361
Alloys Compd. 586 (2014) 353-359

Therefore, this review aims to expand the general vision on size-controlled synthesis methods including influential factors, surface properties and structures of ZnPNPs based on the recent literature.
However, synthesis of ZnPNPs by utilizing plant extracts (leaves, stems, roots, shoots, flowers, barks, seeds) which contain secondary metabolites (alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and other nutritional compounds) acts as both reducing and stabilizing agents [118, 119] may be a choice.
Lopata, Biocompatibility and biodegradation studies of a commercial zinc alloy for temporary mini-implant applications, Sci.
Alloys Compd. 477 (2009) 657-660
Bill, Biomineralization of zinc-phosphate-based nano needles by living microalgae, Journal of Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology 3 (2012) 362-370

Stainless steel is iron based alloy containing chromium, nickel, molybdenum.
Main aim of suture is to assist the wound healing from the necrotizing tissues [138] .
Polymers of hydroxy compounds of fatty acids (polyhydroxyalkanoates, PHA) are biocompatible and biodegradable materials of microbial origin.
Ikada, Journal of Applied Biomaterials, Vol. 4, (1993), p. 61
Matumoto: Journal of Nippon Med Sch, Vol. 66, (1999), p. 41

Introduction Titanium Dioxide is a non-metallic compound that is found in three main crystal forms Rutile, Anatase, and Brookite.
Zhu, Y.S.Yin, Y.S.Lin, A novel one-step chemical method preparation of copper nanofluids, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 227, 100-130, 2004
Li, Heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 21(1), 58– 64, 2000
Kadirgama, Performance of water-based TiO2 nanofluid during the minimum quantity lubrication machining of aluminum alloy, AA6061-T6, Journal of Cleaner Production, 135, 1623–1636, 2016
Mataoui, A review on how the researchers prepare their nanofluids, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 76, 168-189, 2014