p.65
p.73
p.94
p.130
p.157
p.173
p.190
p.202
p.229
Use of Organic Polymers for Energy Storage in Electrochemical Capacitors
Abstract:
In this article, brief introduction and mechanism of electrochemical capacitors are revised. The main features of electrochemical capacitors and batteries about electrical energy storage devices are also compared. It is well known that various types of materials (organic, inorganic, organic-inorganic composites and organic/organic composites) are being used as electrochemical capacitors. A vast literature is available on the preparation, properties and applications of electrochemical capacitors. In this communication, important aspects related to the synthesis and evaluation of organic electrodes for use in electrochemical capacitors is encapsulated.
Info:
Periodical:
Pages:
202-228
Citation:
Online since:
July 2015
Authors:
Price:
Сopyright:
© 2015 Trans Tech Publications Ltd. All Rights Reserved
Citation:
[1] Y. Zhang, H. Feng, X. Wu, L. Wang, A. Zhang, T. Xia, H. Dong, X. Li, L. Zhang, Progress of electrochemical capacitor electrode materials: A review, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 34 (2009) 4889-4899.
[2] R. Kötz, M. Carlen, Principles and applications of electrochemical capacitors, Electrochim. Acta 45 (2000) 2483-2498.
[3] E. Frackowiak, F. Béguin, Carbon materials for the electrochemical storage of energy in capacitors, Carbon 39 (2001) 937-950.
[4] A. Burke, Ultracapacitors: why, how, and where is the technology, J. Power Sources 19 (2000) 37-50.
[5] B.E. Conway, Transition from Supercapacitor" to "Battery, Behavior in Electrochemical Energy Storage, J. Electrochem. Soc. 138 (1991) 1539-1548.
DOI: 10.1149/1.2085829
[6] B.E. Conway, Electrochemical Supercapacitors: Scientific Fundamentals And Technological Applications; Kluwer Academic Publishers/Plenum Press, Dordrecht/New York, (1999).
[7] M.S. Wu, C.J. Chiang, Fabrication of Nanostructured Manganese Oxide Electrodes for Electrochemical Capacitors, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 7 (2004) A123-A126.
DOI: 10.1149/1.1695533
[8] W. Sugimoto, H. Iwata, Y. Murakami, Y. Takasu, Electrochemical Capacitor Behavior of Layered Ruthenic Acid Hydrate, J. Electrochem. Soc. 151 (2004) A 1181-1187.
DOI: 10.1149/1.1765681
[9] X. Dong, W. Shen, J. Gu, L. Xiong, Y. Zhu, H. Li, J. Shi, MnO2-embedded-in-mesoporous-carbon-wall structure for use as electrochemical capacitors, J. Phys. Chem. B 110 (2006) 6015-6019.
DOI: 10.1021/jp056754n
[10] C. Peng, S. Zhang, D. Jewell, G.Z. Chen, Carbon nanotube and conducting polymer composites for supercapacitors, Prog. Nat. Sci. 18 (2008) 777-788.
[11] J.R. Miller, P. Simon, Fundamentals of Electrochemical Capacitor Design and Operation, Electrochem. Soc. Interface 17 (2008) 31-32.
DOI: 10.1149/2.f02081if
[12] J. Du, D. Mishra, J-M. Ting, Surface Modified Carbon Cloth for Use in Electrochemical Capacitor, Appl. Surf. Sci. 285P (2013) 483-489.
[13] F. Zhang, F. Xiao, Z. H. Dong, W. Shi, Synthesis of Polypyrrole Wrapped Graphene Hydrogels Composites as Supercapacitor Electrodes, Electrochim. Acta 114 (2013) 125-132.
[14] E. Hür, G.A. Varol, A. Arslan, The Study of Polythiophene, Poly(3-methylthiophene) and Poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) on Pencil Graphite Electrode as an Electrode Active Material for Supercapacitor Applications, Synthetic Metals 184 (2013).
[15] S.K. Nataraj, Q. Song, S.A. Al-Muhtaseb, S.E. Dutton, Q. Zhang, E. Sivaniah, Thin, Flexible Supercapacitors Made from Carbon Nanofiber Electrodes Decorated at Room Temperature with Manganese Oxide Nanosheets, Journal of Nanomaterials, Article ID 272093, 6 pages (2013).
DOI: 10.1155/2013/272093
[16] A. Vu, X. Li, J. Phillips, A. Han, W.H. Smyrl, P. Buhlmann, A. Stein. Three-Dimensionally Ordered Mesoporous (3DOm) Carbon Materials as Electrodes for Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors with Ionic Liquid Electrolytes, Chemistry of Materials 25 (2013).
DOI: 10.1021/cm400915p
[17] M.N. Muralidharan, A. Seema, M.M.S. Mohan, K.R. Dayas, E.K. Sunny, Tween 80 Modified Graphene with Improved Processability for the Fabrication of Supercapacitors, Mater. Manuf. Processes 28 (2013) 1253-1259.
[18] J. Kuipers, S. Porada, Wireless Desalination using Inductively Powered Porous Carbon Electrodes, Sep. Purif. Technol. 120 (2013) 6-11.
[19] B. He, X. Meng, Y. Zhu, Q. Tang, Preparation and Electrochemical Properties of Polyaniline/α-RuCl3. xH2O Composites for Supercapacitor, Polym. Compos. (2013) 2142-2147.
DOI: 10.1002/pc.22623
[20] D. Zhang, Q-Q. Dong, X. Wang, W. Yan, W. Deng, L-Y. Shi, Preparation of a Three-Dimensional Ordered Macroporous Carbon Nanotube/Polypyrrole Composite for Supercapacitors and Diffusion Modeling, J. Phys. Chem. C 117 (2013) 20446-20455.
DOI: 10.1021/jp405850w
[21] P. Kalyani, A. Anitha, Refuse Derived Energy - Tea Derived Boric Acid Activated Carbon as an Electrode Material for Electrochemical Capacitors, Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta 31 (2013) 165-174.
[22] J.H. Lee, N. Park, B.G. Kim, D.S. Jung, K. Im, J. Hur, J. W. Choi, Restacking−Inhibited 3D Reduced Graphene Oxide for High Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes, Nano 7 (2013) 9366-9374.
DOI: 10.1021/nn4040734
[23] Y. Mun, C. Jo, T. Hyeon, J. Lee, K-S. Ha, K-W. Jun, S-H. Lee, S-W. Hong, H. I. Lee, S. Yoon, J. Lee, Simple Synthesis of Hierarchically Structured Partially Graphitized Carbon by Emulsion/Block-Copolymer Co-Template Method for High Power Supercapacitors, Carbon 64 (2013).
[24] Z.J. Zhang, P. Cui, X.Y. Chen, Structure and Capacitive Performance of Porous Carbons Derived from Terephthalic Acid−Zinc Complex via a Template Carbonization Process, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 52 (2013) 16211-16219.
DOI: 10.1021/ie402482s
[25] L. Deng, R.J. Young, D.A.D. Haro-Del Rio, I.A. Kinloch, A.M. Abdelkader, S.J. Eichhorn, S.M. Holmes, Supercapacitance from Cellulose and Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite Fibers, Applied Material Interfaces 5 (2013) 9983-9990.
DOI: 10.1021/am403622v
[26] S.N. Syahidah, S.R. Majid, Super-Capacitive Electro-Chemical Performance of Polymer Blend Gel Polymer Electrolyte (GPE) in Carbon-Based Electrical Double-Layer Capacitors, Electrochim. Acta 112 (2013) 678-685.
[27] Z. Guo, Q. Zhou, Z. Wu, Z. Zhang, W. Zhang, Y. Zhang, L. Li, Z. Cao, H. Wang, Y. Gao, Nitrogen-Doped Carbon based on Peptides of Hair as Electrode Materials for Surpercapacitors, Electrochim. Acta 113 (2013) 620-627.
[28] P. Huang, D. Pech, R. Lin, J. K. McDonough, M. Brunet, P-L. Taberna,Y. Gogotsi, P. Simon, On-Chip Micro-Supercapacitors for Operation in a Wide Temperature Range, Electrochem. Commun. 36 (2013) 53-56.
[29] Z.L. evic, P.Y. Apel, J.B. Krstic, I.V. Blonskaya, Porous Carbon Thin Films for Electrochemical Capacitors, Carbon 64 (2013) 456-463.
[30] J. Wei, S. Wei, G. Wang, X. He, B. Gao, C. Zhao, PPy Modified Titanium Foam Electrode with High Performance for Supercapacitor, Eur. Polym. J. 49 (2013) 3651-3656.
[31] C. Xia, Y. Xie, Y. Wang, W. Wang, H. Du, F. Tian, Preparation and Capacitance Performance of Polyaniline/Titanium Nitride Nanotube Hybrid, J. Appl. Electrochem. 43 (2013) 1225-1233.
[32] J-H. Lee, I-J. Kim, S-J. Park, Preparation and Electrochemical Behaviors of Styrene–Acrylonitrile-Based Porous Carbon Electrodes, Electrochim. Acta 113 (2013) 23-28.
[33] R. A. Quinlan, J. R. Miller, M. Cai, A. N. Mansour, R. A. Outlaw, S. M. Butler, Investigation of Defects Generated in Vertically Oriented Graphene, Carbon 64 (2013) 92-100.
[34] Z. Lei, T. Sakai, W. Sugimoto, Lateral Size Effect on Electrochemical Capacitor Performance of Reduced Graphite Oxide Nanosheets, Electrochemistry 81 (2013) 873-876.
[35] L. Hou, L. Lian, D. Li, G. Pang, J. Li, X. Zhang, S. Xiong, C. Yuan, Mesoporous N-containing Carbon Nanosheets Towards High-Performance Electrochemical Capacitors, Carbon 64 (2013) 141-149.
[36] G. Bajwa, M. Genovese, K. Lian, Multilayer Polyoxometalates-Carbon Nanotube Composites for Electrochemical Capacitors, Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 2 (2013) M3046-M3050.
DOI: 10.1149/2.005310jss
[37] Y. Zhao, H. Wang, G. Gao L. Qi, Nanofiber Membrane Based on Ionic Liquids as High-Performance Polymer Electrolyte for Sodium Electrochemical Device, Ionics 19 (2013) 1595-1602.
[38] S. S. Shinde, G. S. Gund, V. S. Kumbhar, B. H. Patil, C. D. Lokhande, Novel Chemical Synthesis of Polypyrrole Thin Film Electrodes for Supercapacitor Application, Eur. Polym. J. 49 (2013) 3734-3739.
[39] S. Hussain, R. Amade, E. Bertran, E. Jover, Nitrogen Plasma Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes for Supercapacitor Applications, J. Mater. Sci. 48 (2013) 7620-7628.
[40] A. K. Sarker, J-D. Hong, Electrochemical Reduction of Ultrathin Graphene Oxide/Polyaniline Films for Supercapacitor Electrodes with a High Specific Capacitance, Colloids Surf., A 436 (2013) 967-974.
[41] H. Zhu, S. Peng, W. Jiang, Electrochemical Properties of PANI as Single Electrode of Electrochemical Capacitors in Acid Electrolytes, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, The Scientific World Journal (2013) paghttp: /dx. doi. org/10. 1155/2013/940153.
DOI: 10.1155/2013/940153
[42] B. Yue, C. Wang, X. Ding, G. G. Wallace, Electrochemically Synthesized Stretchable Polypyrrole/Fabric Electrodes for Supercapacitor, Electrochim. Acta 113 (2013) 17-22.
[43] J. Liu, M. Notarianni, G. Will, V. T. Tiong, H. Wang, N. Motta, Electrochemically Exfoliated Graphene for Electrode Films: Effect of Graphene Flake Thickness on the Sheet Resistance and Capacitive Properties, Langmuir 29 (2013) 13307-13314.
DOI: 10.1021/la403159n
[44] C-I. Su, W-C. Shih, C-M. Wang, Y-S. Liu, S-P. Wu, Effect of High Temperature Treatment on Electrochemical Properties of Activated Carbon Fabric in Supercapacitor Application, Fibers Polym. 14 (2013) 1808-1816.
[45] Y. Yan, Q. Cheng, Z. Zhu, V. Pavlinek, P. Saha, C. Li, Controlled Synthesis of Hierarchical Polyaniline Nanowires/Ordered Bimodal Mesoporous Carbon Nanocomposites with High Surface Area for Supercapacitor Electrodes, J. Power Sources 240 (2013).
[46] N. S. A. Manaf, M. S. A. Bistamam, M. A. Azam, Development of High Performance Electrochemical Capacitor: A Systematic Review of Electrode Fabrication Technique Based on Different Carbon Materials, Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 2 (2013).
DOI: 10.1149/2.014310jss
[47] J. Jiang, L. Zhang, X. Wang, N. Holm, K. Rajagopalan, F. Chen, S. Ma, Highly Ordered Macroporous Woody Biochar with Ultra-High Carbon Content as Supercapacitor Electrodes, Electrochim. Acta 113 (2013) 481-489.
[48] S. T. Senthilkumar, R. Kalai Selvan, J. S. Melo, C. Sanjeeviraja, High Performance Solid-State Electric Double Layer Capacitor from Redox Mediated Gel Polymer Electrolyte and Renewable Tamarind Fruit Shell Derived Porous Carbon, Applied Materials Interfaces 5 (2013).
DOI: 10.1021/am402162b
[49] X. Liu, L. Zhou, Y. Zhao, L. Bian, X. Feng, Q. Pu, Hollow, Spherical Nitrogen-Rich Porous Carbon Shells Obtained from a Porous Organic Framework for the Supercapacitor, Applied Materials Interfaces 5 (2013) 10280-10287.
DOI: 10.1021/am403175q
[50] M. Ghaffari, S. Kosolwattana, Y. Zhou, N. Lachman, M. Lin, D. Bhattacharya, K. K. Gleason, B. L. Wardle, Q. M. Zhang, Hybrid Supercapacitor Materials from Poly(3, 4 ethylenedioxythiophene) Conformally Coated Aligned Carbon Nanotubes, Electrochim. Acta 112 (2013).
[51] Y. Zhu, I. Zhitomirsky, Influence of Dopant Structure and Charge on Supercapacitive Behavior of Polypyrrole Electrodes with High Mass Loading, Synth. Met. 185-186 (2013) 126-132.
[52] Sliwak, B. Grzyb, J. Cwikła, G. Gryglewicz, Influence of Wet Oxidation of Herringbone Carbon Nanofibers on the Pseudocapacitance Effect, Carbon 64 (2013) 324-333.
[53] G. Gourdin, D. Zheng, P. H. Smith, D. Qu, In situ Electrochemical-Mass Spectroscopic Investigation of Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation on the Surface of a Carbon Electrode, Electrochim. Acta 112 (2013) 735-746.
[54] P. Yu, Y. Li, X. Zhao, L. Wu, Q. Zhang, In Situ Growth of Ordered Polyaniline Nanowires on Surfactant Stabilized Exfoliated Graphene as High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes, Synth. Met. 185-186 (2013) 89-95.
[55] M. Suleman, Y. Kumar, S. A. Hashmi, Structural and Electrochemical Properties of Succinonitrile-Based Gel Polymer Electrolytes: Role of Ionic Liquid Addition, J. Phys. Chem. B 117 (2013) 7436-7443.
DOI: 10.1021/jp312358x
[56] D. Yigit, T. Güngör, M. Güllü, Poly(thieno[3, 4-b][1, 4]dioxine) and Poly([1, 4]dioxino[2, 3-c] pyrrole) Derivatives: p- and n-Dopable Redox-Active Electrode Materials for Solid State Supercapacitor Applications, Org. Electron. 14 (2013).
[57] A. Singh, P. Srinivasan, G. Sukumaran, Polyaniline Binder for Functionalized Acetylene Black: A Hybrid Material for Supercapacitor, Synth. Met. 180 (2013) 43–48.
[58] M. Kotal, A. K. Thakur, A. K. Bhowmick, Polyaniline−Carbon Nanofiber Composite by a Chemical Grafting Approach and Its Supercapacitor Application, Applied Materials Interfaces 5 (2013) 8374−8386.
DOI: 10.1021/am4014049
[59] A. M. O. sterholm, D. E. Shen, A. L. Dyer, J. R. Reynolds, Optimization of PEDOT Films in Ionic Liquid Supercapacitors: Demonstration As a Power Source for Polymer Electrochromic Devices, Applied Materials Interfaces 5 (2013) 13432−13440.
DOI: 10.1021/am4043454
[60] H. Qian, A. R. Kucernak, M. S. P. Shaffer, E. S. Greenhalgh, A. Bismarck, Multifunctional Structural Supercapacitor Composites Based on Carbon Aerogel Modified High Performance Carbon Fiber Fabric, Applied Materials Interfaces 5 (2013) 6113−6122.
DOI: 10.1021/am400947j
[61] J. Benson, I. Kovalenko, S. Boukhalfa, D. Lashmore, M. Sanghadasa, G. Yushin, Multifunctional CNT-Polymer Composites for Ultra-Tough Structural Supercapacitors and Desalination Devices, Adv. Mater. 25 (2013) 6625-6632.
[62] V. Sridhar, I. Lee, H-S. Yoon, H-H. Chun, H. Park, Microwave Synthesis of Three Dimensional Graphene-Based Shell-Plate Hybrid Nanostructures, Carbon 61 (2013) 633-639.
[63] K. Shi, I. Zhitomirsky, Fabrication of Polypyrrole-Coated Carbon Nanotubes using Oxidant−Surfactant Nanocrystals for Supercapacitor Electrodes with High Mass Loading and Enhanced Performance, Applied Materials Interfaces 5 (2013) 13161-13170.
DOI: 10.1021/am404159b
[64] D. Xu, Q. Xu, K. Wang, J. Chen, Z. Chen, Fabrication of Free-Standing Hierarchical Carbon Nanofiber/Graphene Oxide/Polyaniline Films for Supercapacitors, Applied Materials Interfaces 6 (2014) 200-209.
DOI: 10.1021/am404799a
[65] K. Shi, I. Zhitomirsky, Electrophoretic Nanotechnology of Graphene–Carbon Nanotube and Graphene–Polypyrrole Nanofiber Composites for Electrochemical Supercapacitors, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 407 (2013) 474-481.
[66] S. Chaudhari, Y. Sharma, P. S. Archana, R. Jose, S. Ramakrishna, S. Mhaisalkar, M. Srinivasan, Electrospun Polyaniline Nanofibers Web Electrodes for Supercapacitors, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. (2013) 1660-1668.
DOI: 10.1002/app.38859
[67] S. Cho, K-H. Shin, J. Jang, Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of Highly Porous Supercapacitor Electrodes Based on Solution Processed Polyaniline Thin Films, Applied Materials Interfaces 5 (2013) 9186-9193.
DOI: 10.1021/am402702y
[68] J. Ma, Y. Liu, Z. Hu, Z. Xu, Electrochemical Synthesis and Performance of PANI Electrode Material for Electrochemical Capacitor, Ionics 19 (2013) 1405-1413.
[69] M. H. Ervin, R. T. Murray, C. M. Pereira, J. R. Miller, R. A. Outlaw, J. Rastegar, Graphene-Based and Other Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors for Energy Harvesting Systems, Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 2 (2013) M3135-M3139.
DOI: 10.1149/2.019310jss
[70] F. Liu, C. W. Lee, J. S. Im, Graphene-Based Carbon Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Nanomaterials (2013).
[71] R. A. Fisher, M. R. Watt, W. J. Ready, Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Supercapacitor Electrodes: A Review on Pseudocapacitive Materials, Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 2 (2013) M3170-M3177.
DOI: 10.1149/2.017310jss
[72] Z-D. Huang, R. Liang, B. Zhang, Y. -B. He, J-K. Kim, Evolution of Flexible 3D Graphene Oxide/Carbon Nanotube/Polyaniline Composite Papers and Their Supercapacitive Performance, Compos. Sci. Technol. 88 (2013) 126-133.
[73] S. Dhibar, S. Sahoo, C. K. Das, Fabrication of Transition-Metal-Doped Polypyrrole/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Applications, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. (2013) DOI: 10. 1002/APP. 39176.
DOI: 10.1002/app.39176
[74] N. Nambu, R. Takahashi, K. Suzuki, Y. Sasaki, Electrolytic Properties of Tetramethylammonium Compound in Highly Concentrated Solutions and Its Application to Electric Double-Layer Capacitors, Electrochemistry 81 (2013) 811-813.
[75] S. Kumagai, M. Sato, D. Tashima, Electrical Double-Layer Capacitance of Micro- and Mesoporous Activated Carbon Prepared from Rice Husk and Beet Sugar, Electrochim. Acta114 (2013) 617-626.
[76] M. A. Azam, N. S. A. Manaf , E. Talib, M. S. A. Bistamam, Aligned Carbon Nanotube from Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition Technique for Energy Storage Device: A Review, Ionics 19 (2013) 1455-1476.
[77] H. Kokubo, T. Honda, S. Imaizumi, K. Dokko, M. Watanabe, Effects of Carbon Electrode Materials on Performance of Ionic Polymer Actuators Having Electric Double-Layer Capacitor Structure, Electrochemistry 81(2013) 849-852.
[78] M. Tokita, M. Egashira, N. Yoshimoto, M. Morita, Capacitor Properties of Carbon Electrodes Derived from α-Cyclodextrin, Electrochemistry 81 (2013) 804-807.
[79] K. Soeda, M. Yamagata, S. Yamazaki, M. Ishikawa, Application of Chitosan-based Gel Electrolytes with Ionic Liquids for High-Performance and Safe Electric Double Layer Capacitors, Electrochemistry 81 (2013) 867-872.
[80] G-H. An, H-J. Ahn, Activated Porous Carbon Nanofibers using Sn Segregation for High-Performance Electrochemical Capacitors, Carbon 65 (2013) 87-96.
[81] A. Jain, V. Aravindan, S. Jayaraman, P. S. Kumar, R. Balasubramanian, S. Ramakrishna, S. Madhavi, M. P. Srinivasan, Activated Carbons Derived from Coconut Shells as High Energy Density Cathode Material for Li-Ion Capacitors (2013).
DOI: 10.1038/srep03002
[82] N.S.A. Manaf, M.S.A. Bistamam, M.A. Azam, Development of High Performance Electrochemical Capacitor: A Systematic Review of Electrode Fabrication Technique Based on Different Carbon Materials, Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 2 (2013).
DOI: 10.1149/2.014310jss
[83] A.L. Comte, G. Pognon, T. Brousse, D. Bélanger, Determination of the Quinone-loading of a Modified Carbon Powder-based Electrode for Electrochemical Capacitor, Electrochemistry 81 (2013) 863–866.
[84] G. Xu, D. Xu, J. Zhang, K. Wang, Z. Chen, J. Chen, Q. Xu, Controlled Fabrication of PANI/CNF Hybrid Films: Molecular Interaction Induced Various Micromorphologies and Electrochemical Properties, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 411 (2013) 204-212.
[85] H. Zhang, J. Wang, X. Gao, Z. Wang, S. Wang, The Electrochemical Activity of Polyaniline: An Important Issue on Its use in Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices, Synth. Met. 187 (2014) 46–51.
[86] F. Yu, M. Huang, J. Wu, Z. Qiu, L. Fan, J. Lin, Y. Lin, A Redox-Mediator-Doped Gel Polymer Electrolyte Applied in Quasi-Solid-State Supercapacitors, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. (2014) DOI: 10. 1002/APP. 39784.
DOI: 10.1002/app.39784
[87] D-Y. Kang, J. H. Moon, Carbon Nanotube Balls and Their Application in Supercapacitors, Applied Materials Interfaces 6 (2014) 706-711.
DOI: 10.1021/am404960r
[88] Y. Lu, F. Zhang, T. Zhang, K. Leng, L. Zhang, X. Yang, Y. Ma, Y. Huang, M. Zhang, Y. Chen, Synthesis and Supercapacitors Performance Studies of N-Doped Graphene Materials Using o-Phenylenediamine as the Double-N Precursor, Carbon 63 (2014).
[89] Y. He, W. Chen, J. Zhou, X. Li, P. Tang, Z. Zhang, J. Fu, E. Xie, Constructed Uninterrupted Charge-Transfer Pathways in Three Dimensional Micro/Nanointerconnected Carbon-Based Electrodes for High Energy-Density Ultralight Flexible Supercapacitors, Applied Materials Interfaces 6 (2014).
DOI: 10.1021/am403760h
[90] Z-L. Wang, X-J. He, S-H. Ye, Y-X. Tong, G-R. Li, Design of Polypyrrole/Polyaniline Double-Walled Nanotube Arrays for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Applied Materials Interfaces 6 (2014) 642-647.
DOI: 10.1021/am404751k
[91] Q. Chen, Y. Meng, C. Hu, Y. Zhao, H. Shao, N. Chen, L. Qu, MnO2-Modified Hierarchical Graphene Fiber Electrochemical Supercapacitor, J. Power Sources 247 (2014) 32-39.
[92] L. Sun, C. Wang, Y. Zhou Q. Zhao, X. Zhang J. Qiu, Activated Nitrogen-Doped Carbons from Polyvinyl Chloride for High-Performance Electrochemical Capacitors, J. Solid State Electrochem. 18 (2014) 49-58.
[93] S. Isikli, M. Lecea, M. Ribagorda, M. C. Carren˜o, R. Diaz, Influence of Quinone Grafting via Friedel–Crafts Reaction on Carbon Porous Structure and Supercapacitor Performance, Carbon 66 (2014) 654-661.
[94] H-S. Park, M-H. Lee, R. Y. Hwang, O-K. Park, K. Jo, T. Lee, B-S. Kim, H-K. Song, Kinetically Enhanced Pseudocapacitance of Conducting Polymer Doped with Reduced Graphene Oxide Through a Miscible Electron Transfer Interface, Nano Energy 3 (2014).
[95] F. Soavi, C. Arbizzani, M. Mastragostino, Leakage Currents and Self-Discharge of Ionic Liquid-Based Supercapacitors, Jornal of Applied Electrochemistry 44 (2014) 491-496.
[96] Q. Wang, J. Yan, Z. Fan, T. Wei, M. Zhang, X. Jing, Mesoporous Polyaniline Film on Ultra-Thin Graphene Sheets for High Performance Supercapacitors, J. Power Sources 247 (2014) 197-203.
[97] J. Yang, M. R. Jo, M. Kang, Y. S. Huh, Y-M. Kang, H. Jung, Rapid and Controllable Synthesis of Nitrogen Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide using Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Reaction for High Power-Density Supercapacitors, Carbon 73 (2014) 106-113.
[98] H. Zanin, E. Saito, H. J. Ceragioli, V. Baranauskas, E. J. Corat, Reduced Graphene Oxide and Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes Superhydrophilic Films for Supercapacitors Devices, Mater. Res. Bull. 49 (2014) 487-493.
[99] E. J. Ra, M-H. Tran, S. Yang, T. H. Kim, C-S. Yang, Y. J. Chung, Y. K. Lee, I-J. Kim, H. K. Jeong, Synthesis of Nitrogen Doped Graphite Oxide and Its Electrochemical Properties, Curr. Appl Phys. 14 (2014) 82-86.
[100] O. S. Burheim, M. Aslan, J. S. Atchison, V. Presser, Thermal Conductivity and Temperature Profiles in Carbon Electrodes for Supercapacitors, J. Power Sources 246 (2014) 160-166.
[101] Y. N. Sudhakar, M. Selvakumar, D. K. Bhat, Tubular Array, Dielectric, Conductivity and Electrochemical Properties of Biodegradable Gel Polymer Electrolyte, Mater. Sci. Eng., B 180 (2014) 12-19.
[102] F. Liu, G. Han, Y. Chang, D. Fu, Y. Li, M. Li, Fabrication of Carbon Nanotubes/Polypyrrole/Carbon Nanotubes/Melamine Foam for Supercapacitor, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. (2014) DOI: 10. 1002/APP. 39779.
DOI: 10.1002/app.39779
[103] A. Kumar, R. K. Singh, H. K. Singh, P. Srivastava, Enhanced Capacitance and Stability of p-toluenesulfonate Doped Polypyrrole/Carbon Composite for Electrode Application in Electrochemical Capacitors, J. Power Sources 246 (2014) 800-807.
[104] H. Zhang, L. Hu, J. Tu, S. Jiao, Electrochemically Assembling of Polythiophene Film in Ionic Liquids (ILs) Microemulsions and its Application in an Electrochemical Capacitor, Electrochim. Acta 120 (2014) 122-127.
[105] Y. Song, J-L. Xu, X-X. Liu, Electrochemical Anchoring of Dual Doping Polypyrrole on Graphene Sheets Partially Exfoliated from Graphite Foil for High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrode, J. Power Sources 249 (2014) 48-58.
[106] C. H. Kim, B-H. Kim, Effects of Thermal Treatment on the Structural and Capacitive Properties of Polyphenylsilane-Derived Porous Carbon Nanofibers, Electrochim. Acta 117 (2014) 26-33.
[107] C. R. Dennison, M. Beidaghi, K. B. Hatzell, J. W. Campos, Y. Gogotsi, E.C. Kumbur, Effects of Flow Cell Design on Charge Percolation and Storage in the Carbon Slurry Electrodes of Electrochemical Flow Capacitors, J. Power Sources 247 (2014).
[108] O. Inganäs, S. Admassie, 25th Anniversary Article: Organic Photovoltaic Modules and Biopolymer Supercapacitors for Supply of Renewable Electricity: A Perspective from Africa, Adv. Mater. 26 (2014) 830-848.
[109] S. S. Shinde, G. S. Gund, D. P. Dubal, S. B. Jambure, C. D. Lokhande, Morphological Modulation of Polypyrrole Thin Films through Oxidizing Agents and Their Concurrent Effect on Supercapacitor Performance, Electrochim. Acta 119 (2014) 1-10.
[110] M. Sun, G. Wang, X. Li, C. Li, Irradiation Preparation of Reduced Graphene Oxide/Carbon Nanotube Composites for High-Performance Supercapacitors, J. Power Sources 245 (2014) 436-444.
[111] Y. G. Ko, E. S. Lee, D. H. Shin, Influence of Voltage Waveform on Anodic Film of AZ91 Mg Alloy via Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation: Microstructural Characteristics and Electrochemical Responses, J. Alloys Compd. 586 (2014) S357-S361.
[112] Y. Xu, I. Hennig, D. Freyberg, A. J. Strudwick, M. G. Schwab, T. Weitz, K. C-P. Cha, Inkjet-Printed Energy Storage Device using Graphene/Polyaniline Inks, J. Power Sources 248 (2014) 483–488.
[113] M. Oschatz, L. Borcharqdt, K. Pinkert, S. Thieme, M.R. Lohe, C. Hoffmann, M. Benusch, F. M. Wisser, C. Ziegler, L. Giebeler, M. H. Rümmeli, J. Eckert, A. Eychmüller, S. Kaskel, Hierarchical Carbide-Derived Carbon Foams with Advanced Mesostructure as a Versatile Electrochemical Energy Storage Material, Advanced Energy Materials 4 (2014).
[114] Y. S. Yun, M. E. Lee, M. J. Joo, H-J. Jin, High-Performance Supercapacitors based on Freestanding Carbon-based Composite Paper Electrodes, J. Power Sources 246 (2014) 540-547.
[115] K. Wasinski, M. Walkowiak, G. Lota, Humic Acids as Pseudocapacitive Electrolyte Additive for Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors, J. Power Sources 255 (2014) 230-234.
[116] G. Wang, Runfen Liang, Lixia Liu, Benhe Zhong, Improving the Specific Capacitance of Carbon Nanotubes-based Supercapacitors by Combining Introducing Functional Groups on Carbon Nanotubes with using Redox-Active Electrolyte, Electrochim. Acta115 (2014).
[117] T. Lindfors, R-M. Latonen, Improved Charging/Discharging Behavior of Electropolymerized Nanostructured Composite Films of Polyaniline and Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide, Carbon 69 (2014) 122-131.
[118] C. Lai, Z. Zhou, L. Zhang, X. Wang, Q. Zhou, Y. Wang, X-F. Wu, Z. Zhu, H. Fong, Y. Zhao, Free-Standing and Mechanically Flexible Mats Consisting of Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers Made from a Natural Product of Alkali Lignin as Binder-Free Electrodes for High-Performance Supercapacitors, J. Power Sources 247 (2014).
[119] X. Zang, P. Li, Q. Chen, K. Wang, J. Wei, D. Wu, H. Zhu, Evaluation of Layer-by-Layer Graphene Structures as Supercapacitor Electrode Materials, J. Appl. Phys. 115 (2014) 024305.
DOI: 10.1063/1.4861629
[120] Y. S. Lim, Y. P. Tan, H. N. Lim, N. M. Huang, W. T. Tan, M. A. Yarmo, C-Y. Yin, Potentiostatically Deposited Polypyrrole/Graphene Decorated Nano-Manganese Oxide Ternary Film for Supercapacitors, Ceram. Int. 40 (2014) 3855-3864.
[121] W. Feng, Q. Zhang, Y. Li, Y. Feng, Preparation of Sulfonated Graphene/Polyaniline Composites in Neutral Solution for High-Performance Supercapacitors, J. Solid State Electrochem. 18 (2014) 1127-1135.
[122] M. R. Arcila-Velez, M. E. Roberts, Redox Solute Doped Polypyrrole for High-Charge Capacity Polymer Electrodes, Chem. Mater. 26 (2014) 1601-1607.
DOI: 10.1021/cm403630h
[123] A. Bello, M. Fabiane, D. Dodoo-Arhin, K.I. Ozoemena, N. Manyala, Silver Nanoparticles Decorated on a Three-Dimensional Graphene Scaffold for Electrochemical Applications, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 75 (2014) 109-114.
[124] X. Zhang, Z. Lin, B. Chen, W. Zhang, S. Sharma, W. Gu, Y. Deng, Solid-State Flexible Polyaniline/Silver Cellulose Nanofibrils Aerogel Supercapacitors, J. Power Sources 246 (2014) 283-289.
[125] H. Feng, B. Wang, L. Tan, N. Chen, N. Wang, B. Chen, Polypyrrole/Hexadecylpyridinium Chloride-Modified Graphite Oxide Composites: Fabrication, Characterization, and Application in Supercapacitors, J. Power Sources 246 (2014) 621-628.
[126] H. Heli, H. Yadegari, Poly(ortho-aminophenol)/Graphene Nanocomposite as an Efficient Supercapacitor Electrode, J. Electroanal. Chem. 713 (2014) 103-111.
[127] M. A. Bavio, G. G. Acosta, T. Kessler, Polyaniline and Polyaniline-Carbon Black Nanostructures as Electrochemical Capacitor Electrode Materials, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 39 (2014) 8582-8589.
[128] M. Ates, N. Eren, I. Osken, S. Baslilar, T. Ozturk, Poly(2, 6-di(thiophene-2-yl)-3, 5bis(4-(thiophene-2-yl)phenyl)dithieno [3, 2-b; 2', 3' d]thiophene)/Carbon Nanotube Composite for Capacitor Applications, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. (2014) 40061.
DOI: 10.1002/app.40061
[129] S. Grover, S. Shekhar, R. K. Sharma, G. Singh, Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Supported Polypyrrole Manganese Oxide Composite Supercapacitor Electrode: Role of Manganese Oxide Dispersion in Performance Evolution, Electrochim. Acta 116 (2014).
[130] Y. J. Oh, J. J. Yoo, Y. II Kim, J. K. Yoon, H. N. Yoon, J-H. Kim, S. B. Park, Oxygen Functional Groups and Electrochemical Capacitive Behavior of Incompletely Reduced Graphene Oxides as a Thin Film Electrode of Supercapacitor, Electrochim. Acta 116 (2014).
[131] Y. Chang, G. Han, D. Fu, F. Liu, M. Li, Y. Li, C. Liu, Paper-Like N-Doped Graphene Films Prepared by Hydroxylamine Diffusion Induced Assembly and Their Ultrahigh-Rate Capacitive Properties, Electrochim. Acta 115 (2014) 461-470.
[132] C. Oueiny, S. Berlioz, F-X. Perrin, Carbon Nanotube–Polyaniline Composites, Prog. Polym. Sci. 39 (2014) 707-748.
[133] J. W. Graydon, M. Panjehshahi, D. W. Kirk, Charge Redistribution and Ionic Mobility in the Micropores of Supercapacitors, J. Power Sources 245 (2014) 822-829.
[134] E. Stavrinidou, M. Sessolo, B. Winther-Jensen, S. Sanaur, G. G. Malliaras, A Physical Interpretation of Impedance at Conducting Polymer/Electrolyte Junctions, AIP Advances 4 (2014) 017127.
DOI: 10.1063/1.4863297
[135] X. Jiang, S. Setodoi, S. Fukumoto, I. Imae, K. Komaguchi, J. Yano, H. Mizota, Y. Harima, An Easy One-Step Electrosynthesis of Graphene/Polyaniline Composites and Electrochemical Capacitor, Carbon 67 (2014) 662-672.
[136] Z. Zhu, Y. Hu, H. Jiang, C. Li, A Three-Dimensional Ordered Mesoporous Carbon/Carbon Nanotubes Nanocomposites for Supercapacitors, J. Power Sources 246 (2014) 402-408.
[137] P. Coenen, F. Leemans, G. Mulder, Applying Large Electric Double Layer Capacitor Systems, J. Appl. Electrochem. 44 (2014) 533-542.
[138] R. Taniki, K. Matsumoto, T. Nohira, R. Hagiwara, All Solid-State Electrochemical Capacitors using N, N-dimethylpyrrolidinium Fluorohydrogenate as Ionic Plastic Crystal Electrolyte, J. Power Sources 245 (2014) 758-763.
[139] G. P. Pandey, A. C. Rastogi, C. R. Westgate, All-Solid-State Supercapacitors with poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Coated Carbon Fiber Paper Electrodes and Ionic Liquid Gel Polymer Electrolyte, J. Power Sources 245 (2014) 857-865.
[140] C-S. Lim, K.H. Teoh, C-W. Liew, S. Ramesh, Capacitive Behavior Studies on Electrical Double Layer Capacitor using Poly (vinyl alcohol)-Lithium Perchlorate based Polymer Electrolyte Incorporated with TiO2, Mater. Chem. Phys. 143 (2014) 661-667.
[141] K. Shimamoto, K. Tadanaga, M. Tatsumisago, All-Solid-State Electrochemical Capacitors using MnO2 Electrode/SiO2 Nafion Electrolyte Composite Prepared by the Sole Gel Process, J. Power Sources 248 (2014) 396–399.
[142] Z. Li, T. Chang, G. Yun, J. Guo, B. Yang, 2D Tin Dioxide Nanoplatelets Decorated Graphene with Enhanced Performance Supercapacitor, J. Alloys Compd. 586 (2014) 353-359.
[143] C. Ramasamy, J. P. del Val, M. Anderson, An Analysis of Ethylene Glycol-Aqueous based Electrolyte System for Supercapacitor Applications, J. Power Sources 248 (2014) 370-377.
[144] S. Xie, M. Gan, L. Ma, Z. Li, J. Yan, H. Yin, X. Shen, F. Xu, J. Zheng, J. Zhang, J. Hu, Synthesis of Polyaniline-Titania Nanotube Arrays Hybrid Composite via Self-Assembling and Graft Polymerization for Supercapacitor Application, Electrochim. Acta 120 (2014).
[145] X. Y. Chen, D. H. Xie, Z. J. Zhang, C. Chen, Tetraphenylborate-Derived Hierarchically Porous Carbons as Efficient Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors, J. Power Sources 246 (2014) 531-539.
[146] A. Brandt, A. Balducci, Theoretical and Practical Energy Limitations of Organic and Ionic Liquid-Based Electrolytes for High Voltage Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors, J. Power Sources 250 (2014) 343-351.
[147] S. Jiang, T. Shi, Y. Gao, H. Long, S. Xi, Z. Tang, Fabrication of a 3D Micro/Nano Dual-Scale Carbon Array and Its Demonstration as the Microelectrodes for Supercapacitors, Journal of Micromechanics & Microengineering 24 (2014) 045001.
[148] T. Tevi, S. W. S. Birch, S. W. Thomas, A. Takshi, Effect of Triton X-100 on the Double Layer Capacitance and Conductivity of Poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene): Poly (Styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) Films, Synth. Met. 191 (2014) 59-65.
[149] M. A. Bavio, G. G. Acosta, T. Kessler, Synthesis and characterization of Polyaniline and Polyaniline-Carbon Nanotubes Nanostructures for Electrochemical Supercapacitors, J. Power Sources 245 (2014) 475-481.
[150] D. Chen, M-K. Song, S. Cheng, L. Huang, M. Liu, Contribution of Carbon Fiber Paper (CFP) to the Capacitance of a CFP-Supported Manganese Oxide Supercapacitor, J. Power Sources 248 (2014) 1197-1200.