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For simplicity of the simulation, all tools were selected as non-deformable (rigid) objects with thermal properties and billet-selected as deformable object with thermal properties—the tools were meshed by different sizes and a uniform mesh was set for the billet.
The Cr13 steel billet was meshed by 3D tetrahedral P1+ linear elements with a bubble node, size factor of 0.7, volumic size factor of 2.2 and minimum 1.5mm mesh size.
This key factor helps to finish the piercing phase.
This phenomenon is affected by process time (Fig. 5d).
V Improving the wear resistance of structural steels through the use of metallurgical production factors.

The former two are wall resistance, and the resistance caused by vegetation is used for affecting the water body along the depth direction.
Resistance coefficient of submerged plants decreases in nonlinearity mode as submerging degree increases, the bigger plant density, the faster decrease speed is, but degenerative speed gradually decelerates and roughness factor coefficient trends to be a constant; the contribution that side-wall has on roughness factor gradually increases when submerging degree is big enough and roughness factor coefficient will tend to be stable.
The appearance position of maximum value of turbulence intensity is affected both by plant density and plant relative height .
The research mainly adopts project effect as guidance, but systematically mechanical theory research and mathematical model simulation technique research are rare.
[19] Turbulence Intensity Maximum and its Influence Factors in Submerged River Flow with Plant.

Plastic deformation process resulting in ultra fine grained materials which are rapidly grasping applications due to their superior mechanical properties remain an area of continued research interest.
Introduction The formability of metals is directly related to its work hardening rate and level of anisotropy in its mechanical properties.
These material properties depend on the alloying content, the degree of preferred orientation, retained deformation microstructure, and/or recrystallization microstructure following processing [1].
The grain refinement induced significant improvement in mechanical properties.
Mechanical properties tests of extruded products.

However, it is of much difficulty to obtain the specular view factor.
For each ring, the properties and temperature are assumed uniform.
The view factor between the spot and the lightpipe tip was calculated by the MCM and compared with the analytical solution [12].
The primary parameters affecting the wafer effective emissivity are only the wafer emissivity and the wafer-to-shield distance.
For a cold and highly reflective wall, the primary parameters affecting the effective emissivity of wafer are only the wafer emissivity and the wafer-to-shield distance.

In-situ Shear Test of Zhongnan Concave Landslide WANG Nianqin1,a, XUE Yaoqiong1,b, CHENG Xiaoyu1,c ,Qi Pang 1,d, 1College of Geology and Environment ,Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an,Shanxi,710054,China; 2Geological Hazards Institute, Gansu Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou,Gansu, 730000 ayounglock@163.com,bxyq414xj@163.com,ccxy1989dizhi2013@163.com, d13484660494@163.com Keywords: In-situ shear test; rock; shear strength Abstract: The mechanical parameters of rock and soil has an important position in the project, the accuracy of the landslide’s mechanical parameters is very important in landslide stability, displacement forecast and prevention engineering design, compared with the laboratory tests, the in-situ tests have many outstanding advantages, the results are more according with the actual.
Lajrai[1] studied on the shear strength of discontinuous in rock; Xiaogang Wang etc.[2] using the monte carlo method to determine the rock’s shear strength; Lin Zhu[3] analyses the influence of surface morphology, filler, size effect on shear strength of structural plane; Guangzhong Sun[4] put forward the relevant theoretical formula of shear strength on regular fluctuation structure surface; Ladanyi and Archambault[5] considering the effect of friction property, dilatancy, cohesiveness and rock wall strength, through theoretical and experimental methods pushed out the rock shear strength calculation formula; Barton[6] put forward the nonlinear experience formula which used to estimate the peak shear strength with irregular and no filled structural plane.
When reacting with water, the strength of the purplish red sandy mudstone will quickly reduced, under all levels normal stress, shear stress decreased more than 30%; internal friction angle decreased more than 20%; cohesion decreased more than 33%; explain that purplish red sandy mudstone’s strength was significantly affected by water, in rain conditions, especially the heavy rainfall occurs, the possibility of rock’s instability will greatly increased; on the other hand can also be seen that the importance of landslide control and protective aspects of drainage measures.
Zhu.Influencing Factors of Shear Strength of Rock Structural Planes.

Inappropriate construction leads to pipeline damage, which cause serious damage to the safety of State property and people's lives.
It considered stress release of excavation side, shield-tailed deformation of void and grouting and lining deformation and lining weight and other factors in the calculation.
Various factors were fully taken into account in the calculation, such as excavation face roof pressure, stress release, shield-tailed void, grouting, lining deformation and lining weight, etc.
The general practice is based on the analysis of influencing factors of underground pipeline[6], using empirical method, engineering analog method or numerical simulation method and so on.
Fig. 1 Construction cross section schematic drawing Fig. 2 Tunnel cross section schematic drawing Geological Conditions and Mechanical Parameters.

It was shown that the particles of nano-kaolinite is very thin lamellar in shape, whose average thickness, average particle size, are 50 nm and 450 nm respectively. 1.Introduction The thickness of kaolin platelike particles significantly affects their dispersibility, agglomeration and rheological properties, whenever kaolin is used as a coating, pigment or filler in paper, ceramics, rubber, or polymers (Murray and Kogel, 2005; Ding et al., 2009).
Several author teams examined the mechanochemical effects of grinding of kaolinite on its structure and thermal behavior and subsequent thermal transformationsor sorption properties (Suraj et al., 1997).
The similar conclusions can be concluded that particles, <0.1μm, were difficult to preparation by traditional mechanical grinding or stirring.
Sound cavitation, which produce enormous acceleration and the high-speed collision blow among particles in liquid, is the most important factor in kaolinite of ultrasonic power delamination.
Influence of mechanical grinding to structure and granularity of clay mineral.

Inclined angle is one determinative factor for cable sag and nonlinearity, thus the displacement, stress and frequency of cable will be affected [9].
Inclined angle affect in-plane frequencies more.
Initial stress affects frequencies of long cable greater.
Property of Nonlinear Parametric Vibration of CFRP Cables [J].China Journal of Highway and Transport, (2007), 20(1):41~48
Analysis of dynamic properties for CFRP stayed cables [J].Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology, (2008), 8:47~50

Introduction Materials with ultrafine and nano structures have attractive mechanical properties and have received considerable attention for potential structural applications [1-4].
In this summary, examples of ultrafine and nano structured bulk alloys and composites consolidated by BP-ECAP are presented and the factors affecting consolidation were discussed.
It is effective in dispersing ultrafine particles in metal matrix composites especially in combination with mechanical milling.
With appropriate design and processing, it is possible to turn the seemingly undesirable surface layer into a beneficial factor that further refines and stabilises grains.
For micrometre sized particles of irregular shapes, full density was achieved after only one pass at an adequate temperature, resulting in bulk materials of comparable or superior mechanical properties to those of the equivalent solid materials.

The rectifying properties of the diode structures disappeared after neutron irradiation with fluence of 6.2×10 14 cm -2.
Introduction Silicon carbide is one of the most promising wide band gap semiconductors with excellent electrical and mechanical properties as well as high temperature, chemical and radiation stability.
Comparative analysis of the electrical properties of the diode structures were obtained before and after every irradiation.
Results and discussions According to the CV measurements the concentration of uncompensated donors in the spacecharge region decreased by a factors of 1.5 and 2 after first (D1) and second neutron irradiation (D2), respectively.
Resistance this dielectric layer was equal to 100 G Ω and the rectifier properties of the diode structures disappeared.