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The study of corrosion is at the crossroads of various fields: electrochemistry, solid state physics, metallurgy, chemistry, physics, thermodynamics ...
The layer obtained obviously has precise characteristics that depend on the various parameters of the electrolytic mechanism and this, as well with regard to its structure as its properties [2].
To identify the crystalline structures of the films, the X-ray diffraction synthesis was carried out at the same laboratory with a Bruker-AXS type D8 diffractometer, using the CuKα radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å).
X-ray diffraction The pattern of the nanoparticle powder confirms the Cr2O3 fluorite crystal structure where all Cr2O3 characteristic diffraction peaks are observed (Fig. 9).
Ghanbari, Materials Chemistry and Physics 189 (2017) 207-214

Transesterification of cotton-seed oil by heterogeneous solid super base KF/MgO catalyst Yunlong Fan 1,a, Wanquan Zhang 1,b Liu Yang 1,c Donglin Hu 1,d Lixin Zhu 1,e Chenjiang Liu 1,2,f * 1Key Laboratory of Petroleum and Gas Fine Chemicals of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, P R China 2Physics and Chemistry Detecting Center, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, P R China ajxfanyunlong@163.com, bzwq8297@163.com, cylnxe@163.com, dhudonglin0911@163.com, ezhulixin1208@126.com, fpxylcj@126.com Keywords: Biodiesel; Transesterification; Heterogeneous solid super base catalyst; KF loaded with MgO Abstract.
We think that the structure of the basic catalysts was changed, have more strong basic sites on which the transesterification occurred, as the amount of KF loaded on MgO increased.
But when the loading amount of KF is up to 20 wt%, the structure of the basic catalysts was no furture change.
After loaded with KF, it is changed to layered structure (b) and the crystallites between 1 μm and 3 μm, the brucite sheets are distribute rather than agglomerates in together.
After desiccated at the temperature of 120 oC, the structure of the composition was changed and brucite can be achieved as strong active base sites in the surface of the catalyst.

The microstructure of both the as-received and carburized surfaces were observed using an Olympus SC50 optical microscope to ensure a detailed examination of the changes in the steel's structure resulting from the carburization process.
TGA profile of as-synthesized and purified CNT samples Surface chemistry Figure 3. shows the FTIR spectra of the as-prepared CNTs and the purified CNTs(p-CNTs).The observed spectra are typical of the CNTs as reported in literature [ref].
The surface structure at various saturation time shows the presence of carbon deposits.
However, it can be observed that a more defined austenite grain structure is obtained in Figure 5, especially in the sample with pCNT.
This observation strengthens the fact that the structure aids in the decomposition of austenite on slow cooling after the carburization process.

This could lead to environmental benefits, not only in terms of waste management, but also as a strategy for storing carbon in a stable form in buildings, thanks to the biochar ability to fix a large fraction of stable carbon in its structure.
Dust plastic particles are reported to improve the resistance of the concrete structure to the aggressive environments and to capillary water penetration, while plastic flakes improve abrasion resistance [10].
The addition of biochar in concrete is reported to improve the concrete pore structure, thus potentially leading to enhanced durability.
- In samples containing granulated plastics, chloride penetration was lower than in CEM and CHAR specimens, due to the plastic hydrophobicity and perhaps to a lower capillary microporosity in the structure of these concretes
Takenouti, Electrochemical behaviour of steel rebars in concrete: influence of environmental factors and cement chemistry, Electrochim.

Alwi1,b 1School of Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia a*nazriza@uitm.edu.my, bnjalwi75@gmail.com Keywords: Jatropha curcas, plant oil, biolubricant, esterification, biodegradble Abstract.
Ester 2,3-butanediol produced in this study had lower molecular chain and lower branched structure compare to ester trimethylolpropane (TMP), thus significantly produced a lower viscosity as shown below.
Flash point was influenced by the number of carbon in the structure, the higher number of carbon, the higher the flash point value.
Apart than that, the oil structure and fatty acid ester composition also has significant influenced on the flash point property.
Rudnick, Synthetics, Mineral Oils, and Bio-Based Lubricants: Chemistry and Technology.

The standard DFT approach based on the GGA scheme [33] has been inadequate to accurately describe the electronic structure of cuprate superconductors and other correlated electron systems.
The pair-correlation function for diamond, calculated using a Quantum Monte Carlo approach [43], reveals anisotropic and spatially dependent structures arising from the crystal structure and chemical bonding in the material.
Pioneering work by Abbamonte and collaborators [57] demonstrated that the dynamical structure factor S(q, ω), which can be measured via inelastic x-ray scattering, is related to the imaginary part of the electronic response function χ(q, ω) as follows: Im(χ(q, ω)) = −π (S(q, ω) − S(q, −ω)) (25) Thus, the static (ω = 0) screening cloud to a local charge Z can be expressed as [58, 59] δn(r) = Z dq (2π)3 4πZ q2 χ(q, 0)eiq·r. (26) While this formalism has primarily been applied to describe the screening around an injected electron, the same conceptual framework could be extended to model the screening cloud that forms around a positron.
(eds) New Directions in Antimatter Chemistry and Physics.
Barbiellini in: New Directions in Antimatter Chemistry and Physics , edited by C.

., Kraków, 30-059, Poland 5Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa, 2, Kraków, 30-387, Poland 6Department of Diamond, M.P.
Figure 2(f) displays the cubic crystal of ferrite structure, generated using VESTA software, version 3.5.8 [30].
(f) Cubic crystal structure generated using VESTA version 3.5.8 [30].
PEG is a neutral polymer, but when it is used as a chelating agent in the sol-gel process, it leads to different surface chemistry compared to citric acid.
Kar, Modification in crystal structure of copper ferrite fiber by annealing and its hyperthermia application, Appl.

Campus, Rishikesh (Dehradun), Uttarakhand, India-249201 4Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chaiyi University, 60004, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC 5Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC apalsudh2011@gmail.com, bpaljitendra124@gmail.com, cdryksharma@yahoo.com, dtnnag79@gmail.com, enkcu77@gmail.com, fslchung@mail.ncku.edu.tw Keywords: Nanostructure, Nanoparticle, Nanomaterial, Optoelectronic Nanomaterial.
But still, this weak perturbation is effectively responsible for the developed fine spectral structure.
This finding implies that the Nd3+ ion doping most probably occurs by substituting Zn atoms in the crystal structure.
Conclusion From this study, it can be concluded that 0.3mol% concentration of Nd3+ ion doping in ZnO will become most suitable for its optical properties by altering its electronic structure enhancement in different optoelectronic efficiencies application.
Chen, Determination of Judd-Ofelt Intensity Parameters from the Excitation Spectra for Rare-Earth Doped Luminescent Materials, Physical chemistry chemical physics, 12 (13) (2010) 3276-3282

The practical significance of MIC can be seen from the fact that all types of stainless steels used in industrial applications such as thermal and nuclear power plants, sub-soil and marine structures, on-shore, off-shore oil prospecting and processing and chemicals and paper manufacturing are liable for biofouling and subsequent MIC.
For example, duplex structure (ferrite and austenite) often present in the weld metal and near-by heat-affected zone of weldments of austenitic stainless steels are amenable to MIC.
Also, sensitized structures are more prone to MIC [8-9].
Metallurgical aspects of damage, chemistry and biology of corrosion products, environmental and microbiological factors need be analysed to confirm MIC.
Prior events, corrosion monitoring records, repairs undertaken as well as water chemistry and treatment need be assessed.

The distribution and placement of ink on the paper surface is influenced by the structure of the paper surface.
This result indicates that Magno Satin has superior resistance to water absorption, likely due to its tighter surface structure and enhanced coating properties.
This is in line with previous research which stated that coated paper with open coatings showed higher water absorption compared to those with closed coatings, indicating that the structure of the coating plays a significant role in water absorption properties [10].
Durdevic, “Effect of paper surface properties on ink color change, print gloss and light fastness resistance,” Cellulose Chemistry and Technology, vol. 55, no. 1–2, pp. 133–139, 2021, doi:10.35812/CelluloseChemTechnol. 2021.55.14
Ayhan Özsoy, “Effects of Ink Consumption on Print Quality on Coated Cellulose-based Paper Surfaces,” Cellulose Chemistry and Technology, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 89–94, 2020.