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Therefore, machining of titanium alloys is a high-cost process.
(a) Flank wear progression with cutting time (b) Tool life with hydrogen content Fig.3 Flank wear for all alloys Fig.3b shows the comparison of tool life for all titanium alloys.
Wang: Journal of Materials Processing Technology.
Yamane: Journal of Materials Processing Technology.
Lv : Journal of Alloys and Compounds Vol. 427(2007), p. 229.

It is affirmed that mechanical milling weakens the thermostability of WC-8Co-2Al powders, and facilitates the formation of Co-Al intermetallic compounds.
The aim of adding aluminum to WC-Co hardmetals is to save cobalt resource, inhibit WC grain growth and improve service performance by in situ forming intermetallic compounds from Co and Al phases during sintering.
Some research proved that Al could utterly react with Co to form intermetallic compounds when the mass ratio of Co to Al was 4:1 [7, 8].
The WC grains of sintered alloys of unmilling are about 515 nm, and the grains for 55 h milling dramatically go down to around 126 nm.
The formation of Al-Co compounds can be accelerated, mainly owing to refinement of reactants and elemental diffusion in each other caused by milling.

The aim of the research was to develop an amorphous and microstructured layer on non-amorphous alloys by laser surface treatment.
The aim of the research was to produce an amorphous and microstructured layer on non-amorphous but amorphisable alloys by laser surface treatment because the mechanical properties between the layer and the substrate could better.
Experimental Materials and Methods Different alloys were used in the experiments.
[2] K Tomolya, D Janovszky, et al.: Consolidation of Cu58Zr42 amorphous-nanocrystalline powders by PM Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 536:(Sup1) (2012) pp.
Haa, et al.: Improvement in mechanical properties of a Zr-based bulk metallic glass by laser surface treatment, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 504S (2010) S45–S47

An unusual plate-type morphology of γ-Fe4N1-x was observed, contrasting with the usual continuous layer-type growth observed upon nitriding iron, Fe-Cr and Fe-V alloys.
Most of the previous studies on Fe-Al alloys were focused on thin specimens (approx. 100 µm thick), mainly to study the AlN precipitation kinetics [4, 5, 6].
Such morphology of (γ) iron nitride has not been observed for nitrided iron, Fe-Cr and Fe-V alloys [10].
Mittemeijer: International Journal of Materials Research 99 (2008) 808 [8] E.J.
Mittemeijer: Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials 3 (2008) 139 [11] E.

Aiming at machining deep micro-holes in titanium alloy, an experimental approach for EDM adopted a fuzzy control system was introduced.
However, titanium alloys are typically difficult-to-machine materials because of their toughness and low thermal caonductivity[4].
The transistor-RC compound pulse power supply is used to generate high-frequency pulse for micro-EDM.
The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, Vol. 18(2008), p. 789-793
Micro ultrasonic EDM of deep-small holes in titanium alloys.

The compositions of the quaternary compounds are determined by X-ray microanalysis.
The quaternary GaInAsSb alloys lattice matched to GaSb is of potential importance for this application.
Unfortunately, the GaInAsSb alloys with band gap lower than 50.5 eV are metastable making it difficult to grow.
It was reported [8] that morphological undulations associated with surface roughness can enhance alloy decomposition, and are detrimental for growth of metastable alloys.
Jensen: Journal of Crystal Growth Vol.225, (2001), p. 420 [9] H.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the Sn addition on microstructural transformation, mechanical behaviour, and corrosion resistance of Ti-6Mo-6Nb-xSn alloys.
Niinomi, Biocompatibility of Ti-alloys for long-term implantation, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 20 (2013) 407–415
Nunes, Characterization of a new beta titanium alloy, Ti-12Mo-3Nb, for biomedical applications, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 536 (2012) S208–S210
Vijayalakshmi, “Microstructural characterization of transformation products of bcc b in Ti-15 Mo alloy, ournal of Alloys and Compounds, 658 (2016) 301–315
[15] Zhang Q, Chen J, Tan H, Lin X, Huang WD, Influence of solution treatment on microstructure evolution of TC21 titanium alloy with near equiaxed b grains fabricated by laser additive manufacture, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 666 (2016) 380–386

The use of silica is often found in the ceramics industry, applications in alloys, and the glass industry.
Metal alloys are rarely found in pure conditions in nature [4].
Eu2O3 and Yb2O3 are compounds belonging to the Rare Earth Elements (REEs).
The process of extracting Rare Earth Elements can be done by separating the main compounds in a material.
The decomposition of compounds against the catalyst used can give different results as mentioned by [10].

Introduction The novel ferromagnetic functionality of shape memory alloys has been of particular interest, especially for alloys belonging to the Heusler-type systems [1] along with the Fe-Pd [2] and Fe-Pt [3] systems.
Liu et al [10] studied intensively the microstructure evolution of CoNiGa shape memory alloys, showing that the composition affects morphology, with the volume fraction of γ phase decreasing gradually as Ga content increases, for high-temperature quenched or as-cast alloys.
In shape memory alloys, the severe plastic deformation has been experimented in several versions, among which the high Pressure Torsion (HPT) has been tested on NiTi alloys [12.13].
Zheng, Jianguo Li Journal of Alloys and Compounds Volume 420, Issues 1-2, 31 (2006)145-157
Li, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 417 (2006) 96–99 [12] V.G.

It has a higher volume fraction of Cu6Sn5 in the bulk solder due to the higher Cu content in the alloy compared to most conventional solder alloys.
The effect of trace addition of many different elements to Sn-Ag-Cu and Sn-Cu alloys were reported [2,6,7], but there is currently no report on the effect of trace Mg addition to the Sn-Ag-Cu or Sn-Cu alloys in the literature.
This research aims to study the effect of trace Al and Mg addition on the microstructure of Cu6Sn5 intermetallic and Sn/Ag3Sn eutectic in Sn-3wt%Ag-5wt%Cu solder alloys.
The finer Cu6Sn5 microstructure will improve the mechanical properties of the solder alloys.
Gourlay: Journal of Alloys and Compounds Vol. 619 (2015), p. 345 [2] S.