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Furthermore, the ions need to enter into the lattice and get substituted for a complete grain crystallization and growth.
The increase in relative density may be caused by the decrease in the number of pores and able to increase the εr [16].
Normally, the factors are likely to affect the density of specimens such as sintering condition, grain size, ordering and the lattice defect [8].

In more recent years the use of ALM has become far more widespread and industry is now moving towards large scale manufacture of structurally integral components through a number of different ALM processes.
Microstructure of (a) EBM, cross section to the columnar grains developed parallel to the build direction (b) cast & HIP (c) forged Ti-6Al-4V material variants.
Biermann, Strength of fine grained carbon-bonded alumina (Al2O3–C) materials obtained by means of the small punch test, Ceram.

Third, he used the theoretical values of D0 to call in to question [17] much published data on diffusion coefficients, suggesting that short-circuit diffusion paths, such as grain boundaries, had distorted many reports.
Fischbach [23] devised a number of penetrating and clarifying experiments and sorted deftly through a number of possible explanations to reach the satisfying conclusions that the increase in conductivity on deformation (the Gyulai-Hartly effect) is attributable to the break-up of vacancy complexes by moving dislocations, while a small charge flow after deformation is traceable to the creep of charged dislocations.
As one might expect, it brought him into contact with urgent technological developments and he, and his group, responded with a number of innovations and patents.
Beyond this point, the number of papers becomes too great to deal with, the number of excellent students too large to mention individuals, and the distinctions too fine for this review.
Nowick, The production and detection of a nonequilibrium number of vacancies in a metal, Phys.

For example, if the aim is to detect high energy photons, dense materials composed of high Z (atomic number) are preferred.
If Lu2O3 is available for scintillator, the high effective atomic number (69) and the high density (9.4 g/cm3) are attractive.
Of course, grain boundaries may affect scintillation properties, and further investigations are required.
The horizontal axis shows the event number which means the number of detected ionizing radiation.
When the radiation energy becomes large, the number of generated scintillation photons also become large.

Since the structures become smaller and smaller, the level of process knowledge must take influences at the sub-micrometer level, such as wetting interaction, bacterial cell adhesion, or mechanical behavior at the grain boundary into account.
Although cp-titanium is unalloyed, the metal has grain boundaries [2].
In phase number three the slot characteristic roughness begins to rise at high feed per tooth.

The addition of K2TiF6 has got dual benefits; Ti acts as a grain refiner and helps in making a strong interfacial bonding with B4C particle and prevents unwanted chemical reaction with matrix material by forming the protective layers around B4C particle [10, 11].
As the matrix melts the preheated (400°C) Boron Carbide of average grain size 106 µm mixed with preheated (400°C) K2TiF6 Flux introduced into the melt in free flow manner.
The linguistic variables are modeled using triangular fuzzy number (TFN):

The high hardness of the coating gives rise to a good abrasion resistance, which is crucial to the long life of the equipments such as valves with the fluids containing a large number of solid particles.
Given the much bigger size of slider than that of WC particle, micro-cutting caused the gouging of WC grains to a shallow depth along with the cutting of binder matrix between the WC grains.

-100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Nm s N Mz Feeding force Ff Torque Mz Matrix Material: AlMgSi0.5 Reinforcement Material: X12CrNi17-7 Fibre Position: Centred Machine: Grob BZ 600 Cooling Concept: MQL Tool: WZ1 Cutting Material: HSS-E Coating: TiN Cutting Velocity: vc = 100 m/min Feed: f = 0.1 mm Process time t I II III IV V Coarse grain structure Fine grain structure A A A - A Ff Fig. 3: Force progression while drilling cable reinforced Profiles The machining process of the reinforced profiles can be divided into five phases: I.
But the surface quality of the bore holes and the burr formation are clearly better. 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 mm 0.25 0 102030405060 Width of Wearland VB Number of bore holes VB Major Cutting Edge VB Minor Cutting Edge End mill with chamfered cutting edge corner ap = 2 mm VB Major Cutting Edge VB Minor Cutting Edge End mill with sharp cutting edge corner ap = 1 mm Cutting speed: vc = 375 m/min Feed (radial): f = 0.075 mm Engagement per helix path: Major Cutting Edge Minor Cutting Edge Fig 5: Wear development for a conventional and a modified end mill Simultaneous 5-axis milling of aluminium nodes Stable and safe processes are required for the milling production of complex lightweight adapted and load optimised nodes.

Owing to the truth that the method of the finite element analysis possesses the capability to treat with the intricate geometry, the intricate behavior of material, and the intricate loading circumstances that commonly met in the uses of the dental implants, a bigger number of the FEA investigations were performed to study the deigns of the dental implant [14].
a) b) c) Fig. 5 AFM results for Nano hydroxyapatite: a) 3D image b) 2D image c) grain distribution a) b) c) Fig. 6 AFM results for Nano titanium dioxide: a) 3D image b) 2D image c) grain distribution 4.1 Thermal Conductivity Results The prepared composites with varying types and weight fractions of nano reinforcement were tested to determine their thermal conductivity.

The prior austenite grain boundaries are decorated by a network of M23C6 particles.
Further, there are tiny precipitates of minor phase, present both on grain boundaries and on former martensitic laths.
Hattestrand and Andren [10] found that the number density of Laves phase particles is higher in creep tested P92 steel compared to isothermally aged material.