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Crystal structure of cement stone is formed along energetic flow of polymer chains, needle- form microcrystals are formed and micro reinforcement of cement stone happens.
Optimal structure of complex ash-cement bonding agent (CAB): Portland cement M400- 70%, dry ash- 25%, polymer-mineral composition- 5%.
Mokeev, Hydration of portland cement in the presence of aluminum-containing setting accelerators, Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, Volume 86, Issue 6, June 2013, pp. 793-801 [8] A.
Bichurin, Struktura i svoystva polimemykh kompozitsionnykh materialov, napolnennykh slantsevoy zoloy, [Structure and properties of polymeric composite materials filled with shale ash], thesis SGTU, Saratov, 1997. p.151 [13] Y.G.

The first-nearest (Vab1), second-nearest (Vab2), third-nearest (Vab3) and fourth-nearest (Vab4) interaction energies are substituted into the FCC reciprocal space: , (6) where k, h and l are reciprocal lattice sites obtained from , (7) where are the unit reciprocal lattice vectors of the FCC structure along three directions.
Their relation to the occupation probability of solute atoms (B atoms) and free energy were determined based on equations as follows: , (8) where c is the atomic concentration of solute B, hs is the LRO parameter, Es(r) is a function associated with lattice symmetry, m is the chemical potential, t-1 indicates the number of non-zero vectorin the superlattice structure, and V(0) the potential energy of disordered atoms, V(ks) is the potential energy of ordered atoms.
Raable, Coputational Materials Science, Chemistry Industry, Beijing, 2002
Lu, et al., Inversion of the first nearest neighbor interchange interaction potential in L12 structure by Microscopic Phase-Field simulation, Rare Metal Mater.

The tempering at a suitable temperature for the steel produces an almost fully stable structure, and the components can therefore be net-shape machined before the treatment without a risk of distortion during their use.
Conclusions The concluding remarks on based on the presented results for the Vanadis 6 tool steel after SZT followed by tempering and their comparison with conventional heat treatment are the following: 1) Sub-zero treatment in cold nitrogen gas improves the corrosion resistance of the Vanadis 6 steel in 3.5% NaCl water solution in comparison to conventional heat treatment. 2) Tempering treatment contributes to the deterioration of corrosion resistance, but slightly better corrosion resistance is demonstrated by the material subjected to the SZT compered to CHT. 3) It can be assumed that the increased corrosion resistance of steel subjected to SZT results from the presence of small globular carbides in its structure.
RAY, Structure – property correlation of sub-zero treated AISI D2 steel, Materials Science & Engineering.
Xue, Enhanced wear and corrosion resistance of plasma electrolytic carburized layer on T8 carbon steel, Materials Chemistry and Physics. 171 (2016) 50-56.

Taufiq-Yap 1,2,b 1Centre of Excellence for Catalysis Science and Technology, 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Crystalline structures of samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, using Shimadzu XRD-6000 diffractometer with Cu-Kα radiation (λ=1.541 A˚) and operated at ~28 oC (30 kV, 100 mA).
Fig. 1 shows the XRD patterns of prepared catalysts. four CeO2 characteristic peaks were clearly observed on Ni/xC-S catalysts 28.52o; 33.22o; 47.40o and 56.43o which correspond to cubic ceria structure for (111), (200), (220) and (311) reflection respectively (JCPDS card no. 43-1002) [17-19].
However, after 3 wt.% CeO2 addition, the amorphous silica peak (at ~21.61o) was decreased significantly and it could be suggested that the crystalline structure of support was strongly influenced by ceria addition.

In this paper, the corn straw and sawdust as bulking agents, set threetreatment as corn straw, sawdust and straw Set+wood, analyses the effect of compost structure properties, research the production of odor and VOCs on the sewage sludge aerobic composting process.
The difference in each mixtures was that NH3 concentrationincreased rapidly for Twc, while the other two mixtures increasedslowly, which was directly related to the mixtures structure.The mixture structure was relatively loose for Twc, due to the bulking agent by wood,and the process of turner could easily lead to the generation of NH3.NH3production have been found increasedslowly for Tcs and Twc+cs after turner, this fact could due to the process of turner improved compostcorner, and some not completely biodegradable cellulose-based substance together with sludge proceed the secondary aerobic degradation.
China, SR0529. (2001) [8]Jun Chen, Tongbin Chen, Ding Gao, et al.Waste Management Vol. 31 (2011), p. 65 [9] Shidan Bao: Soil Agricultural Chemistry Analysis.

Evaluation of the potential of Chlorella sp. for biodiesel production Weena Sitthithanaboon1,2,a, Jantana Praiboon3,b, and Vittaya Punsuvon1,2,4,c* 1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand 2 Center for Advanced studies in Tropical Natural Resources, National Research University, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand 3Department of Fishery Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand 4Center of Excellence-Oil Palm, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand a g5417400211@ku.ac.th, b ffisjtn@ku.ac.th, c fscivit@ku.ac.th,* Corresponding author Keyword Microalgae, Biodiesel, lipid, Chlorella sp.
The parameters attesting for the quality of the biodiesel were estimated in relation to the molecular structures of FAME, which may vary according to carbon chain sizes and the amount and/or position of double bonds.
The comparison result showed that algae cell membrane was damaged (Figure 1B.) indicating that the solvent extraction with soxhlet method successfully disrupted the structure of microalgae cell membrane.
The third, FT-IR of algae lipid biodiesel showed similar chemical structure as crude palm oil biodiesel, suggesting that microalgae lipid can be used as feedstock for biodiesel production.

SiO2 is an inorganic material with tetrahedral structure of siloxanes groups consists of Si-O-Si repeating unit.
The silanols groups may attract and trap water molecules in SiO2 structure via formation of hydrogen bond as demonstrated in Fig. 1 [14].
Unfortunately, ionic conductivity of LiBF4 doped PMMA/ENR 50 filled HCl-SiO2 decreased due to lower porosity and close pack of HCl-SiO2 structure.
Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 69, 243–248

In order to reduce the computation time, we used a periodic rectangular profile for the actual geometrical structure of grating in the simulation.
The parameters were chosen based on the result of atomic force microscopic topography of the actual structure of the grating.
Discussion Comparing to the simulation (see Fig. 1) and experimental result (see Fig. 5), the fluctuation of reflectivity in Fig. 5 is due to the multilayer interference of sandwich structure of the disc biosensor, which effect have been considered in the simulation process but the result is not shown in this paper.
Yu, New chemistry on old CDs, Chem.

Introduction It is well known that the bulk rare-earth metal (REM) absorbs hydrogen easily and its structure and electrical state change remarkably by hydrogenation [1].
Since these effects give influence to the state of TM/REM interface structurally and electrically, the structure and magnetic properties of TM/REM multilayers is possible to be significantly changed by hydrogenation and further to be controlled by hydrogen concentration.
As to the identification of the crystallographic structure of TM/Y/TM trilayers before and after hydrogenation, its measurement was performed by the high-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) using Cu-Kα radiation and a transimission electron microscopy (TEM) observation.
Vjada: Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths Vol. 20 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1995) p. 207

Since the phase stability, microstructure and other properties depend on point defects and their agglomerates, direct information on the defect structure is quite useful to understand their effects on material properties.
The dose values (10, 32, and 64 Gy) used in these experiments are commensurate with long-term surface missions in which structures would be in use over years.
This would essentially mean the filling up of a considerable fraction of nanopore structure by MR and consequent reduction in nanoporosity.
Kumadab, The effect of g-irradiation on positronium formation in polyethylene, Radiation Physics and Chemistry 60 (2001) 541–544