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Mechanism of Anatase to Rutile transformation Usually anatase transforms to rutile in the temperature range 400-700 ºC, depending upon parameters such as method of preparation, grain size, morphology, degree of agglomeration, nature of impurities and reaction atmosphere [[] P.
The breaking of these bonds can be affected by a number of factors, including the addition of dopants, synthesis method and thermal treatment [[] M.
Large number of metal ions, in particular the main group metals, transition metal and lanthanides ions are studied on the anatase to rutile transformation.
Sacerdoti, Effect of dopants on grain coalescence and oxygen mobility in nanostructured titania anatase and rutile, J.
Large number of transition metals ions (Cr, Cu, Ta, Nb, Zn, Pt, Ni, Fe) [36,[] X.

In addition, it exhibits a number of superior properties such as low resistivity, high adhesion, thermal stability, low absorbance in the visible spectral region, and more compatible to have smooth interface.
An interesting phenomena observed in this spinel structure is that the number of cations occupying the 8a and 16d sites may vary.
This may be due to the decrease of dislocation density and grain boundary density which reduces the number of carrier-scattering centers leading to enhancement of carrier concentration.
The increase in conductivity of the samples with temperature may be due to decrement in grain boundary concentration and increase in oxygen vacancies [48], which enhances the carrier concentration and mobility of the charge carriers.

Experimental values of flexoelectric coefficients have been found several orders higher than the theoretical calculation; at the same time, a large number of discrepancies were observed in the experimental values [19-22].
The presence of grain boundaries in most of the relaxors/ferroelectrics ceramics, and also their domain walls which have large ferroelastic properties play an important role in giant flexoelectric coefficients.
Lattice mismatch between film and substrate and different growth parameters direct the thin films from strained to relaxed state with increase in number of unit cells from the substrate-film interface.
However, the magnitude of intrinsic flexoelectric coefficients might be different from the measured values, it may be due to significant contributions from the polar nature or surface polarization of extrinsic grain boundaries.
Till now we understand that the flexoelectricity occurs in all 32 crystalline point groups of materials that encourage a large number of interdisciplinary research groups to work in the area of strain-induced polarization, however the small magnitude of flexoelectric coefficients discourage to move further to work with bulk solid crystalline .

A number of researchers, [32,34,50,53-54] had worked on the use of CKD in stabilizing and solidifying subgrade pavement material and contaminated soil; however the effect of varying degree of moulding water content was not considered.
The reduction in strength is associated with resultant reduction in both the internal friction and the cohesion between the soil grains as the moulding water content increases which result from the expansion in the thickness of diffused double layer, increase in the alumina-silicate interlayer distance and hence reduction in the electrolyte concentration [2,84-89].
Y., 1997 Effect of Elapsed Time After mixing on Grain size, plasticity characteristic Soil - lime mixes, NSE Technical transaction Vol. 32, No 4

Its upper reaches (locating within Lanping County) flow across a comparatively flat and broad valley which is one of the important production bases of grains and vegeTables in Lanping County.
However, the number of sampling points containing As exceeding the standards with a ratio of 5.13% is only 2.
Table 2 Contents of heavy metals contained in soils Items As Cd Pb Zn Minimum value/mg.kg-1 4.04 3.99 40 50 Maximum value/mg.kg-1 110 20 9500 8000 Mean value/ mg.kg-1 19.01 20.20 523.59 893.33 A 0.38 67.33 2.09 4.47 B/C 2/39 39/39 12/39 22/39 Standard exceedance ratio/% 5.13 100.00 30.77 56.41 Standard deviation 20.80 26.25 1555.69 1734.5 Coefficient of variation/% 109.43 129.95 297.12 194.16 A: Multiple of mean value exceeding standards B: Number of samples Exceeding standard C: total number of samples Characteristics relating to distribution of heavy metals contained in soils.

Introduction A very large number of chemical diffusion experiments have been performed in binary and ternary alloy systems especially since the widespread use of the electron probe in the 1970s and 80s.
Furthermore, in contrast to the standard radiotracer serial sectioning experiments for determining tracer diffusion coefficients, it is also not straightforward with an interdiffusion couple to estimate possible contributions to the chemical diffusion process from grain boundary diffusion processes.
The vacancy-wind factor S can be expressed rigorously in terms of various solid state diffusion correlation factors [7]:       + − −+ = BAAB )A( ABB )B( ABABBAAAB fgcfc fcfgcfgcfc S φ (3) where fAA, fBB, )(A ABf , )(B ABf are called the collective correlation factors and are the correlated parts of the phenomenological coefficients [8], fA and fB are the more familiar tracer correlation factors or the correlated parts of the tracer diffusion coefficients, g = nB /nA, nA and nB are the numbers of jumps of an A or a B atom in time t.
For the binary random alloy the Sum-rule can be expressed as: AB A B BBV BB AB B A AAV AA L w w kT awcNc LL w w kT awcNc L − = − = 2 2 , (9) where the Lij are the phenomenological coefficients, N is the number of sites per unit volume, cV is the site fraction of vacancies and a is the jump distance.

P = Pₒ× (1 + ρ) (T - Tₒ) Where, Р = Projected population in number Po = Baseline population in number ρ = growth rate in percentage T = Projected year TO = Baseline year The Expression Builder is a "Growth Form" tool in the WEAP model that aids in the projection of the reference period's population (2020-2040).
Unmet Demands The number of demand site criteria that aren't met in the scenario is discussed in this section.
Effect of wetting on the pore structure of compacted fine-grained soils.

It reduces the number of start stops producing continuous weld as required for the application.
Ø Increase in the deposition efficiency due to increased arcing time (~80%) Ø Reduction in the number of weld starts and stops locations which enhanced joint integrity Ø Increase in the welding operator comfort level.
Most of the Heat Exchangers require a large number of Tube to Tube Sheet welds involving various grades of stainless steels like Austenitic Stainless Steel, Duplex & Super Duplex Stainless Steel etc.
In case of austenitic stainless steels, the high contracting stresses occurring on weld solidification can cause hot cracking whereas in case of ferritic steel grain growth occurs at high temperature leading to loss of ductility & toughness in weld and HAZ.

Materials and Methods Landscape design of Houtan Park The design of Houtan Park reflects the ancient cultures of farming, fishing and hunting in agricultural society by constructing the texture of farmlands as well as growing grain crops and renewing the river beach.
Table 4 Data on landscape types and plaques in Houtan Park Date Landscape type Number of plaques Area (㎡) Percentage of the area (%) May 2006 Industrial land 24 49872.4 0.351 Artificial water body 4 1916.6 0.014 Wetland 1 39000.0 0.275 Green space 8 19643.6 0.138 Public facility 7 11504.2 0.081 Bare land 5 20063.3 0.141 May 2010 Water 1 28000.0 0.197 Terrace 4 12607.4 0.089 Natural wetland 1 39080.0 0.275 Fir forest 34 4929.2 0.035 Broad-leaved forest 53 27866.5 0.196 Aquatic plants 57 10800.1 0.076 Industrial landscape 10 2513.6 0.018 Commercial service facility 11 12169.0 0.086 Public facility 22 4101.2 0.029 Table 5 The heterogeneity indexes before and after the construction of Houtan Park Date Landscape diversity Landscape evenness Landscape fragmentation May 2006 1.535 0.857 3.45x10-4 May 2010 1.906 0.867 1.36x10-3 2) Biodiversity The results of the research and the statistics for organisms are shown in table 6.
The reasons for these findings may lie in the small area of Houtan Park and the fact that although the construction changed the land use types present, it only increased a small number of landscape types and plaque types.
Additionally, there are a number of plaques and corridors for human activities, such as commercial service facilities and the dock on Huangpu River, that make the park’s internal roads and outside transit very convenient.

Clindamycin HCl (CM) (lot number 27058) was obtained from Bangkok Drug Co., LTD.
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (batch number 21223PD).
The obtained endosperm was grained and screen by sieve with pore diameter size of 355 μm.
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University for financial support (grant numbers 15/2560).