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Among them, electrochemical synthesis and vapour-liquid-solid (VLS) methods to produce NWs have become popular among scientific workers due to a number of advantages.
Among them, electrochemical synthesis or electrodeposition to produce NWs has a number of advantages, the most common being the controllability in the direction normal to the substrate surface.
A high concentration of CuSO4 was used to supply a sufficiently large number of ions inside the pores during the deposition.
A high concentration of CuSO4 was used to supply a sufficiently large number of ions inside the pores during the deposition.
A prominent feature of I-V plot (Fig. 31) is a number of peaks and valleys showing decrease in current with increase of voltage, resulting in negative differential resistance (NDR).

In order to promote the use of fly ash in concrete and alleviate the huge environmental pressure caused by fly ash stockpiles, a large number of scholars have studied the effect of fly ash on the carbonation resistance of concrete.
The orthogonal test is an efficient, rapid and economical method of experimental design by selecting a representative number of points from a full-scale test based on orthogonality.
Ni, Grain size and transport characteristics of non-uniform sand in aeolian saltation, Geomorphology, 2008, 100 (9): 484-493 [14] Duan Z H, Xiao H L, Li X R, Dong Z B, Wang G, Evolution of soil properties on stabilized sands in the Tengger desert, China, Geomorphology, 2004, 59: 237-246 [15] Jin B H, Song J X, Liu H F, Engineering characteristics of concrete made of desert sand from Maowusu Sandy Land, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2012, 174: 604-607 [16] Fu J, Yang D, Liu H F, Ma J R, Influence of fly ash dosage and DSRR on the mechanical properties of desert sand high strength concrete, Science Technology and Engineering, 2015, 9: 230-234 [17] Liu H F, Liu N, Influence of high temperature on the axis compressive strength and elastic modulus of desert sand concrete, Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2018, 37(11): 166-173 (In Chinese) [18] Liu H F, Chen X L, Che J L, Liu N, Zhang M H, Mechanical performances of concrete produced with desert sand after elevated temperature

Indeed, the impurity diffusion process in semiconductor and other materials usually occurs in a high temperature range (about 300 to 1200°C) and, up until now, we could not directly observe the movement of atoms in the lattice in the way that Brown observed the motion of small particles in pollen grains.
Exp(-Ea / kT) (5c) where )exp(... 8 2 k S fa Z D oo o ∆ = γ , (6a) G = Ea - T∆S, (6b) Ea = (H f + H m ), (6c) ∆S = ∆S f + ∆S m . (6d) Here, Di is the intrinsic or non-enhanced diffusion coefficient, Do is the pre-exponential factor, Ea is the activation energy, 'a' is the cell-parameter of silicon, Z = 4 is the number of nearest-neighbor sites of silicon, and H f, H m and ∆S f, ∆S m are enthalpy and entropy values for the formation and migration of a diffusing species, respectively.
The higher the temperature and the longer the diffusion time, the greater are the numbers of point defects generated and the depths to which they go.

Electrochemical investigation with "typical" unaltered electrodes such like glassy carbon, platinum  and gold seems to have  number of shortcomings that includes overlapping voltammetric spikes and higher ascorbate and UA contents in basic biological samples. [5] The detecting NT and their associated metabolites utilize various modified electrodes have piqued interest owing to its simplicity, rapidity, fast response, selectivity, surface fouling resistance, and ability to recognize neurons in living beings.  
BDD electrodes are made by replacing lone carbon grain in a thousand with a boron atom which results in metallic conductivity of substrate.
It is well understood that in the electrochemistry of sp2 carbons, heterogeneous electron transport occurs at the edges and defects instead of being at the grain boundary of graphene sheets.

Dislocations and grain boundaries are other types of defects and can act as high-diffusivity paths, because the mobility of atoms along such defects is usually much higher than in the lattice.
The numbers of atomic jumps performed by the diffusing species during anelastic or magnetic after-effect measurements (e.g., Snoek effect) are typically of the order of one.
For monovacancies the tracer correlation factors are temperature-independent numbers that depend only on the lattice geometry (fcc: f1V = 0.781; bcc: f1V = 0.727).
There are a large number of engineering alloys that find applications because of some special physical or chemical properties - for example, magnetic behaviour, superconductivity and chemical stability in corroding atmospheres.
Because of the participation of both atomic species in a six-jump-cycle with a fixed ratio of the number of jumps the diffusivities of both components will not differ more than a factor of two2.

These include to some limited extent dislocation line broadening [10,11] but in particular local strains due to variations in temperature or composition [8,12] (nonelastic strains) but also variations in local stresses, e.g. due to local variations of the stress state in a diamond-anvil cell [9] or due to dimensional incompatibility of grains in a thermally anisotropic polycrystal [13].
Thus for a certain order of the moment or cumulant the number of independent parameters describing the microstrain broadening is considerably reduced: If χ is known from independent experiments, it suffices to determine one cumulant κ (∆ξ) for each ≥ 2 (or the corresponding shape-determining parameters for γ -2(∆ξ) according to Eq. 12).
Note that the convolution associated with this keyword is numerically demanding within the TOPAS program and may retard the refinement process, in particular if - in contrast with the present case - the number of reflections is very large.
As expected the residuals of the refinements decrease with increasing max and upon going from procedure C to B and to A (see Table 1), i.e. upon increasing the degrees of freedom of the refinements and increasing the number of parameters.
On the other hand, the only minor improvement of the residuals when increasing the number of parameters upon going from procedure C to B and to A indicates the reasonability of the restrictions imposed during procedure C.

It describes the experience that the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years.
The coordination number in the diamond and in the zinc blende lattice is only 4 and thus considerably lower than in typical metals.
The coordination number for face-centered (fcc) metals is 12 and 8 for body-centered (bcc) metals.
A large number of experiments on diffusion in silicon and germanium concerns diffusion of foreign atoms [1, 2].
Passivation of dislocations and grain boundaries is welcome in polycrystalline silicon used in solar cells.

Melanocytes, through small tubules connected to each non-melanocyte cell, inject these pigment grains into living cells of the upper skin layers, and gradually all melanin appears in an external stratum corneum.
Photo damage efficiency of proteins makes up 0.1–1 % relative to the number of the absorbed quanta [32].
As a result a number of secondary processes including chain reactions can occur in the system.
These optical properties depend on a number of factors, such as structural defects and impurities, phase state and several other conditions [123—125].
In addition, the effect of ROS opens the possibility of a number of subsequent reaction channels involving free radicals [155].

These phase transformations occurring in the alloy at the elevated temperature alters the grain boundary (GB) chemistry, the chemical and mechanical properties of the alloy; eventually compromising the corrosion and oxidation resistances of the alloy.
The microstructure of the coating reveals uniform dispersion of SiC particles in the grain refined α-Fe matrix while the x-ray diffraction profile showed the presence of α-Fe, SiC and a few Fe2Si peaks as shown in Fig. 2a and b.
This was connected to generation of number of pulses from improved effective power density with increasing percent overlap in the laser processed zone.
This was attributed in part, to the better corrosion properties of TiC relative to that of 304SS and to grain refinement of the matrix.