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The measured and calculated d spacing and angle between (11) and (1) in line with the TiAl, suggesting this is a γ-TiAl particle with a face cubic tetragonal crystal (L10) structure with the lattice parameter of a=0.36, c=0.366nm.
In addition, there is a large amount of distortion possibly formed during the fast cooling in the FZ leading to a twining structure formation as evidenced in the nano TiAl particle (arrowed in Fig. 4(a)).
Table 3 (hkl) and d spacing list of TiAl phase with FCT structure calculated by using the lattice parameter of a=0.36, c=0.366nm.
The atomic arrangements of γ-TiAl in the ordered L10 structure (face-centered tetragonal) with a lattice parameter of a=0.36nm, c=0.366nm and c/a=1.0167. 2.
Bouix, An overview of monolithic titanium aluminides based on Ti3Al and TiAl, Materials Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 72 (2001), 301-319

Recently, a new extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUV-IL) at can enable under 100-nm structure sizes [18].
Fabrication of ordered monolayer of PS nanospheres on Si substrate The function realization of NSL depends on masks on a substrate as a template for structure patterning [21].
Fig. 8 (a) XTEM image of the QDCs with ten Ge QD layers (b) HRTEM image of a QD column (c) Schematic 3D structure of the Ge QDCs [48].
The structure is shown in fig. 11(c, d), which is called ordered Ge-Si compound quantum dot molecules (CQDM).
Boyd, et al: Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 20 (2010) No.11, p.2190 [42] S.

Catalytic Conversion of Tar Compounds from Biomass over Modified Ni/olivine Catalysts Changsen Zhang 1, a, Zhijun Li 1,b, Xingmin Xu1,c, YANG Li1,d, ZHANG Ruiqin1,e 1 The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China azhangsx007@163.com, b350606430@qq.com, cxxm78v@126.com, dzhangcsno1@eyou.com, fhjkx@zzu.edu.cn Keywords: Tar, Olivine, Catalytic reforming, Coking Abstract.
The data points that represent the model tar compound conversion were average points of three tests. 2.4 Characterization of the catalysts 2.4.1 X-ray diffraction (XRD) The analysis of crystalline structure was done by XRD, Maximum-3B Diffractometer from Japan.
Moreover, the Ni-Fe alloys could also decrease the content of Fe2O3 prevent low catalytic activity despite its role in stabilizing nickel in the support structure[31,33].
No obvious observation of iron oxide in olive structure was observed since no reduction at 1173K.
Its higher second peak temperature and broader peak area was probably attributed by the reduction of free iron oxide and NiO grafted in the structure of olivine. 3.4 TPD analysis Fig.8.

Formation and migration energy of native defects in silicon carbide from first principles: an overview Guido Roma1,2, a, Fabien Bruneval1, Ting Liao1,3, Olga Natalia Bedoya Martínez1, and Jean-Paul Crocombette1 1CEA, DEN, Service de Recherches de Métallurgie Physique, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France 2Institut for Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, Mainz, Germany 3 Centre for Computational Molecular Science,The University of Queensland, St.
The paper is organized as follows: the first section will give an overview of defect structures and formation energy calculations.
In particular two, three or even four carbon atoms can substitute one silicon atom forming very stable (Cn)Si (n=2,3,4) structures, called di- (or tri- or tetra-) carbon antisites.
The binding energy of these structures are high: from 3.9 to 5 eV, according to the charge state, for the (C2)Si , and further energy is gained when adding further carbon atoms.
Other carbon clusters on carbon sites were also found to be more or less strongly bound; the most stable configuration for a di-carbon interstitial is reported to be higher than 5 eV (ladder structures), while metastable (pentagon and ring) structures have binding energies around 3 eV [34].

These include molecular structure and porosity, degree of crosslinking and the state of water in the hydrogel [1].
The character of water within the gel and pore size determines the flow of nutrients and waste in and out of the structure.
The chemistry and properties of these polymeric networks can be tuned using longer chains or functionality cross-linkers which make this material suitable for biomedical applications.
Due to this, they can maintain their original structure upon exposure to shear or compressive stress/load.
Water uptake, transport and structure characterization in poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogels.

Such a deficiency can limit the wider applicability of such steels because strain localization during fabrication or as a result of overloading in the final application can be detrimental to the integrity of the structure.
In addition, four other steel chemistries with compositions within the L8 matrix range were also included.
A preliminary analysis suggested that if the structure of the approach to calculating DIB is considered correct, then the terms aMo and aCr are too large [5].
The bendability of this surface ferrite plus B/M inner structure was compared with that of a pure B/M microstructure throughout.
Porter, Effect of austenite grain structure on the strength and toughness of direct-quenched martensite, J.

Such development structure created that, standard coal consumption in per 1×104 CNY of GDP in Dalate County is nearly 3 times as the average in China [4].
Compare with traditional ecological footprint model, the improved model are more comprehensive to evaluate human impact on the natural environment in international, to analysis the energy structure regioanl and to predict development direction.
Renewable resources considered include solar energy, wind energy, rain chemistry energy, rain potential energy and etc [10].
And in its value structure, biodiversity maintenance services vulue is the highest one, which is 6.73×108 CNY and accounting for 16.04% of woodland ecosystem`s.
Changing on the ecosystem services value and structure of land use.

It is well known that dendritic structure is the typical morphology that is formed on crystallization, and it is influenced by the cooling rate.
These precipitates had quite different morphology to those formed after reheating and /or hot rolling processes, not only by morphology, but also by chemistry.
The microalloy carbides and nitrides show extensive mutual solubility due to their similarity in crystal structure and lattice parameters, and form simple carbonitrides (such as Nb(CN)) or complex carbonitrides (such as (Ti,Nb)(CN)).
While in paper [4] the slab surface zone with fine grain structure was analysed to a depth of 2.5 mm, in paper [3] the samples were taken from ¼ and ¾ of the slab thickness, which means from the region of columnar dendrites.
Strangwood, The effect of precipitate distributions on HSLA grain structures, Int.

Structure and morphology of small diameter electrospun aramid fibers.
Multilevel structured polyacrylonitrile/silica nanofibrous membranes for high-performance air filtration.
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 55, 35-39
The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 112(32), 12225-12233
Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects

The original structure (or chemical composition) of semiconductors remains unchanged if equal number of e- and h+ are consumed for chemical reaction and/or recombination.
Author suggests this method could be use for the degradation of other dyes such as Direct Red 23, Direct Red 31, Direct Red 81 and Direct Orange 108 that have similar chemical structures with Direct Red 80.
Yuan, Photocatalytic degradation of cationic azo dye by TiO2/bentonite nanocomposite, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry. 149 (2002) 169–174
Weber, UV–vis versus visible degradation of Acid Orange II in a coupled CdS/TiO2 semiconductors suspension, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry. 183 (2006) 218–224
Chavadej, Synthesis and photocatalytic activity in methyl orange degradation of mesoporous-assembled SrTiO3 nanocrystals prepared by sol–gel method with the aid of structure-directing surfactant, Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical. 287 (2008) 70–79