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The martensitic phase may display several crystallographic structures depending on composition, though the most common are the L10 tetragonal structure (T martensite), whose relation with the L21 structure is shown in Figure 1c, and the modulated structures resulting from its monoclinic distortion at 10 and 14 atomic layers along the cubic <110> directions (10M and 14M martensite, respectively) [31-32].
i ii iii iv Fig. 1: Crystal structures on Ni-Mn-Ga.
(a) High temperature B2 structure, (b) L21 austenitic structure, and (c) tetragonal L10 martensitic structure.
In this sense, a B2 structure could be also expected when quenching from above T0.
Kissinger: Analytical Chemistry Vol.9 (1957), p. 1702

Materials and Structures, Vol. 46, No.1–2, pp. 135-143, DOI: 10.1617/s11527-012-9889-z
Materials and Structures, Vol. 46, No.6, pp. 881-898, DOI: 10.1617/s11527-012-9940-0
Materials Structures, Vol.42, No. 17, pp. 7478–7487, DOI:10.1007/s10853-006-1462-0
Materials and Structures, Vol. 48, No. 9, pp 2929–2941
Congr., on the Chemistry of Cement, Montreal, Canada, pp. 1–12,

Its complex structure and properties guide the cell to differentiate into specific tissue.
This shows that cervical loop cells play a key role in the reconstitution of tooth structure [94]
[12] R.T Cate, Periodontium, in: Oral Histology, Development, Structure, and Function, Edited J.D John, J.
Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Third Molar Mesenchymal Stromal Cells, The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2010, 285 (38) 29270-8
Tissue-engineering of Enamel-Dentin Complex Structures.

As the fossil record of the early mollusc shell is progressively refined, we can test more detailed hypotheses about control over biomineralization, for example to what extent predation or seawater chemistry was dominant.
Bøggild, The Shell Structure of the Mollusks, D.
Hall, The shell structure and mineralogy of the Bivalvia: introduction.
Zolotoyabko, Structure of biogenic aragonite (CaCO3), Cryst.
Zolotoyabko, On the structure of biogenic aragonite and calcite, in: J.L.

Calcium Carbonate and Cellulose/Calcium Carbonate Composites: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biomedical Applications Ming-Guo Ma1,*, Shan Liu1, Lian-Hua Fu1 1Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
It was discovered that each dagger-like structure consisted of ellipsoid-like vaterite nanoparticles (Fig. 5b,e).
The cross-section of the spherule broken by supersonic depicted a radial structure of the inner part of the spherule (Fig. 14e).
It was discovered the porous structure in CaCO3 agglomerates at 12 h (Fig. 19e and f).
Fu, Supernet structures of calcium carbonate mesocrystals formed in a blend system of anionic/nonionic surfactants, Cryst.

Several methods have been established to structure TiO2 films on a nanometer-scale.
Other strategies for structuring photoelectrodes are electrochemically etching of titanium metal sheets [19] and the adsorptively crystallization of TiO2 on already structured architectures, like those of carbon or Mordenite [20].
The body centered cubic pore structure (bcc) solidifies after an appropriate annealing.
In series 1, the electrodes differ in structure and crystallinity (table 1).
Photobiol. & Chemistry Vol. 148 (2002), p. 295

Reference Type of Soil Used Stabilizer Observations [12] Various soils Lime + Zeolite Strength amplification by 7.56 times. [13] Various soils Lime + Biomass ash Retention improvement in water content observed. pH reduction beneficial for soil health noted. [14] Residual soils Lime + Activated carbon CBR enhancement by 92.79%. [15] Expansive clayey soils Lime + Sodium silicate CBR enhancement by 7.86 times. [16] Various soils Lime + Cement Structure densification verified by SEM and cohesion improvement [17] Various soils Lime + Carbon Shrinkage reduction and stability enhancement. [18] Metal-contaminated soils Lime alone Mineral phase formation (C-S-H, C-A-H) confirmed by XRD analysis. [19] Marine sediments Lime alone Porosity reduction and an increase in Moisture Dry Density.
At a pH equal to or exceeding 12, clay minerals undergo dissolution: silicon and aluminum, located at the centers of tetrahedral and octahedral structures, respectively, are released into the solution.
Guidelines for compressive strength in lime-stabilized sections [52] Dispersion of WOPN* Possible Uses of Treated Material ≤ 4% Excellent level of homogeneity, but it is not justified, except in exceptional cases, to require it for a capping layer. ≤ 6% Homogeneous material suitable for all capping layer types after treatment, particularly in integrated “capping layer-pavement base” structures. ≤ 8% Moderately homogeneous material that can be used in the majority of treated soil capping layers, with the exception of the case mentioned above. < 10% Relatively heterogeneous material, suitable for treated capping layers in medium and small projects where the subgrade class is limited to PF3. * The dispersion is expressed as the ratio between the range of measurements, if their number N is ≤ 10 (or twice the standard deviation if N > 10), and the average of these measurements.
A study of the various methods utilized in the United States, France, and Britain finds an intricate interaction of geotechnical, environmental, and performance considerations that influence the construction and design of structures using lime-stabilized soils.
MolaAbasi, Assessing the effect of lime-zeolite on geotechnical properties and microstructure of reconstituted clay used as a subgrade soil, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 132(2023)103501

The crystal structures of the synthesised polymers were elucidated by continuously scanning from 10o to 90o with a Rigaku Smartlab Xray diffraction (XRD) instrument equipped with a Cu K α radiation, λ = 1.54 Å.
(i) PVA has a linear structure which poses less hindrance to electron mobility.
Kusoglu, Structure/property relationship of Nafion XL composite membranes, J.
Yaroslavtsev, Prospects of practical application of hybrid membranes, Petroleum Chemistry 56 (2016) 281–293.
Pavlík, Specific structure, morphology, and properties of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membranes prepared by needleless electrospinning, Forming hollow fibers, Materials Science and Engineering C 105 (2019) 110151.

For interdiffusion coefficients in liquids largely experimental data is used as estimation of these values from theoretical frameworks has not been very successful owing to the complex structure of liquids.
In general, a more open structure like BCC has less activation energy compared to that of closed packed structure like FCC [4].
It is interesting to compare the interdiffusivities in the NaCl-structured binary oxide systems.
Gurry, Physical Chemistry of Metals, McGraw Hill, New York (1953) [2] D.

Spinel structure phase and nepheline/ carnegieite were also found in Hanford HAW glasses.
It has a fluorite-derived structure with three-fold elementary fluorite unit cell [18,19].
An important feature of this phase was zoned structure of its grains (Fig. 4) and elemental distribution with the highest concentration of actinide and rare earth elements in the core and their lowest concentration in the rim.
Zoned structure with the lowest actinide (and rare earths) concentration in the rim provides for protection against their release yielding very low leach rates – 10-5-10-7 g/(m2d) by 7-day MCC-1 test at 90 °C [20].
Ewing, in: Structural Chemistry of Inorganic Actinide Compounds, edited by S.V.