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Sample-to-PM tube distance is thus very important; only a small increase will lead to a significant loss of light collected because of reduction in the collection (solid) angle.
In order to gain insight into both traps and recombination centres, it is important to obtain 3-D data in which the intensity is displayed as a function of both temperature/time/excitation-wavelength and the emission wavelength.

Analytical data is provided by FTIR spectroscopy measurement.
reduction of bands integrated area between 1600 − 1300 cm−1, the coal spectrum is wholly recovered by the used sample preparation.

According to Tauc's plot, the absorbance data was also used to calculate the value of Eg.
The reaction mechanism discussed above is outlined below; CoO/ZnO + hv (UV) → CoO(eCB- + hVB+)/ZnO(eCB- + hVB+) (4) hVB+ + H2O → H+ + OH- (5) hVB+ + OH- → ∙OH (oxidation) (6) eCB- + H2O + H+ → H2O2 + O2 (7) eCB- + O2 → ∙O2- (reduction) (8) H2O2 + ∙O2- → ∙OH + OH-+ O2 (9) ∙O2- + ∙OH + MB → simple organic molecules (10) The junction between CoO and ZnO may inhibit electron–hole recombination, which can lengthen the photodegradation reaction between the free electrons and MB molecules.

Results and Discussion 3.1 Changes in vegetation Site investigating data are presented in table 1.
The possible reason for the reduction was that the two terrains were always located in hillsides, where water was drained off easily, and caused the base cations in soil to be leached heavily; subsequently exchange cations such as Ca and Mg were lost dramatically.

Nevertheless, since there are only very limited test data for progressive collapse loading conditions, most of the acceptance criteria and modelling parameters in DoD [1] have not been updated.
Since the heat affected zone (HAZ) near the welds can significantly alter local material properties resulting in a local reduction in ductility, the HAZ effect is considered by locally reducing the damage initiation strain and damage evolution process.

The RD and RS of the specimen were monitored using a non-contact laser device of resolution 0.05 mm attached to a PC for continuous data logging.
A considerable reduction in the transformation width (hysteresis) was observed in the untrained actuator during the initial cycles, after which it remained more or less constant.

Very high thermo-electrical performance, being competitive with that of Bi3Te4, was reported by Terasaki et al. [19] Takada et al. [20] discovered that the γ-Na0.7CoO2 transformed to the superconducting Na0.3CoO2 ·1.3H2O after the reduction of sodium content down to Na0.3CoO2 and addition of H2O.
Based on the single-crystal X-ray diffraction data, Leligny et al. [34] analyzed the Bi-system, [Bi0.87SrO2]2[CoO2]1.82, assuming the (3+2) dimensional space symmetry of I2/a(α 0 γ, 0 μ 0) pmm, with modulation vectors q11=0.293(2)a11*+0.915(9)a13* and q12=1.8204(5)a12*.

The objective of voltage deviation reduction is to minimize total voltage margin in load buses (PQ buses), whereas the goal of voltage stability enhancement is to minimize the upper index term of voltage stability.
The element which has the best fitness function is selected for the next generation t+1 under the following equation: (22) Application of ESCA to ORPD Problem The principal steps OF ESCA for solving the ORPD problem are listed as follows: Step 1: Read the parameters of the group np, tmax, nd: the number of control variables U of proposed solution problem and all data of power system.

Furthermore, the effect of rare earth metal Y3+ doping on Ce2S3 was investigated by XRD data.
The Y doping creates surface strain due to an increase in the number of surface atoms causing reduction in the crystallite size and an increase in oxygen concentration due to local strain occurring in the core of the NPS.

The main and priority objectives for the development of space solar cells are the improvement of conversion efficiency, weight reduction and better resistance to radiation.
Ismail, "Role of facile synthesized v2o5 as hole transport layer for cds/cdte heterojunction solar cell: validation of simulation using experimental data," Superlattices and Microstructures, vol. 132, p. 106168, 2019