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The intensity and number of diffraction peaks mainly depend on the amount of corresponding phases.
All the sharp diffraction peaks can be perfectly indexed with the standard JCPDS (24-1470) data.
The band positions and number of absorption peaks are depending on crystalline structure and chemical composition.
The number of peaks in the emission spectrum represents the wavelength of emission.
FTIR spectra depict the band positions and numbers of absorption peaks are depending on the crystalline structure and chemical composition.

As shown in Fig.1, all the diffraction peaks are consistent with the standard JCPDS card NO.11-0687, which indicates that the co-doped Mn2+, Pr3+ have little influence on the crystal structure of Zn2GeO4, and all of the peaks are assigned to the phase of Zn2GeO4.
The coordination number of Zn, Ge, O atoms is 4, 4, 3, respectively [6].
Considering the ionic radii of Zn2+ (0.60Å), Mn2+(0.66Å), Pr3+(0.99Å) and Ge4+(0.39Å) ions in the site of CN(coordination number)=4, it is expected that the Pr3+ ions substitute the Zn2+ ions.
XRD patterns of the as-prepared sample and the pattern of JCPDS NO.11-0687 for Zn2GeO4 Luminescence properties In order to study the photoluminescence properties of the phosphor, the PL emission spectrum of a Zn2GeO4:Mn2+0.01, Pr3+ 0.01 at room temperature is shown in Fig.3.
Firstly, upon ultraviolet light irradiation, a large number of holes and electrons created(progress①).

Iron oxides are substances created chemically when iron and oxygen combine, the number of identified iron oxides in nature is roughly 16, as well.
All samples are corresponding to the JCPDS no. 019-0629 of magnetite.
The prepared sample at 2.5 h shows a peak of hematite (α-Fe2O3) observed besides the peaks of magnetite at around 33.11° accordance with the crystal plane of (104) of hematite (JCPDS card no. 33-0664).
The number of particle distributions and their particle size for SEM analysis was calculated by Image J software for the sample prepared at 1.5 hours and 100 °C by hydrothermal method.
Fig. 6 showed for this sample has a large number of particles ranging from 20 to 40 nm and these percentages decreased for other particles’ size percentages as shown in table 2, this decrease in size means that there is some aggregation in the particles of the sample as confirmed by SEM image in Fig. 4.

Sample number Powder’s Weight percent (wt. %) І 55Ni-45Al II NiAl-30 Y2O3 III 68.5NiAl-30 Y2O3-1.5Co 68NiAl-30 Y2O3-2Co 67.5NiAl-30 Y2O3-2.5Co Experimental Results and Discussions Microstructure Analysing The formed interfacial microstructures between nickel and aluminium pre-sintering phase could be depicted to explore the processes of the creation of NiAl intermetallics throughout heating remediation.
Peaks of nickel aluminide Ni2Al3 is compared to XRD card No. 14-0648.
The peaks of the nickel aluminide Ni3Al and NiAl3 have been compared to those of the regular XRD cards No. 21-0008 and 02-0416.
The NiAl peaks of nickel aluminide were comparison with the regular XRD card No. 44-1188.
Normal X-ray diffraction measuring tables (JCPDS) for aluminium and nickel powders are virtually equivalent to all peaks in previous estimates.

Results and discussion Compared the standard XRD card JCPDS 75-1546 and JCPDS 41-1049 in detail, it is notable that the (200) peak of tetragonal zinc blende CdS and the (102), (103) peaks of hexagonal wurtzite CdS are isolated and of adequate intensity.
In the nucleation step, higher concentration of species leads to the critical nucleus size decreasing and forming a large number of crystal nuclei for growing [17].
The formation of the large number of crystal nuclei makes for the synthesis of nanoparticles since the size and the morphology of the synthesized crystal strongly depend on the competition between crystal nucleation and crystal growth [12,18].

Iron chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl2∙4H2O) (purity = 99.0 %, Sigma Aldrich CAS Number 13478-10-9) and zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn(CH3COO)2∙2H2O) (purity = 99.99 %, Sigma Aldrich CAS Number 5970-45-6) were used as starting precursors.
All samples have a polycrystalline structure and crystallized in two different phases: a rhombohedral hematite phase (αFe2O3), identifiable to the JCPDS card number 01-086-2368, with maximum intensity in the (110) orientation and a cubic magnetite phase (Fe3O4) identifiable to the JCPDS card number 01-075-1609, with maximum intensity in the (022) orientation.
This may be due to the incorporation of Zn2+ which increases the number of defects, thus the creation of energy levels inside the conduction band; these energetic states absorb more energy and it is known that when the defects increase the transmittance decreases and the absorption takes maximum values [28].
In this study, the presence of two different phases (αFe2O3 and Fe3O4) gives a chance to increase the number of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions, therefore the electron jump between these ions give rise to charge carriers [26].
This can be attributed to an insufficient number of charge carriers caused by a small doping rate.

Increasing the surface area of the catalyst can result in a decrease in the number of photogenerated electron-hole recombination, thereby increasing hydrogen production [27].
JCPDS card number 87-1526 shows that 2θ = 27.1° represents the (002) plane of graphitic materials characteristic of the interplanar stacking peak of the conjugated aromatic systems [30-33].
Peaks with 2θ = 31.47°, 45.41°, and 56.43 °, based on JCPDS card number 36-1451, correspond to the presence of ZrO.
A lower band gap ensures better photon absorption, while a high surface area increases the number of active reaction sites, collectively improving the photocatalytic conversion of glycerol to hydrogen.
Funding This research was funded under “Penelitian Hibah Riset Grup Tipe B, Universitas Sebelas Maret” with contract number 194.2/UN27.22/PT.01.03/2024.

According to the standard card base, all intense peaks of nanosheets can be roughly indexed to calcium citrate (JCPDS No. 28-2003 [Ca3(C6H5O7)2∙4H2O]).
In Fig.3b, all intense peaks can be well indexed to (JCPDS No. 28-2003).
Therefore, a part of crystal water release from calcium citrate molecules in preparation process, and the actual number of crystal water of calcium citrate is between 2 and 4.
A large number of hydroxyl groups on the surface, directly result in the intense interaction of surface hydroxyl layer among different nanosheets.

The'd' values calculated using equation (1) confirm well with available JCPDS standard for FeSe [10].
Williamson and Smallman [14] suggested one method to calculate the dislocation density as           bP eFnK 2/122/1 )/3(  (4) where P is the crystallite size, 1/2 is the R.M.S strain, b the Burgers vector, n the number of dislocations on each face of the particle, K the constant depending on the strain distribution and F is an interaction parameter.
When the bath temperature increases, large number of Fe and Se ions gets adsorbed on the substrate which leads to crystallization.
[10] JCPDS Diffraction Data Card No.03-053

Phase identification was carried out using the International Centre for Diffraction Data (JCPDS-ICDD 2000) powder diffraction files (PDF).
Milling time up to 10 min causes formation of large number of particles about 2mm in size (Fig.2b) predominantly in the form of agglomerates - Fig.2c and d.
JCPDS ICDD card 40-1499 (LiFePO4 – Triphylite mineral) at top of figure. [12] Discharge milling of hematite for periods of up to 20 minutes in Ar/3%H2 resulted in the formation of magnetite after 10 minutes and subsequently formation of mixture of pure iron and FeOx phases after 20 minutes milling [14].
By varying the current under these low energy milling conditions, both the length of nanorods, and the number of joined nanorods was observed to increase with increasing current.