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EFFECT OF NIOBIUM ON HAZ MICROSTRUCTURE AND TOUGHNESS OF HSLA STEELS Emad El-Kashif 1, a and Toshihiko Koseki2, b 1Dept. of Mining, Petroleum and Metallurgical Engineering, Cairo University, Giza - Egypt 2Dept. of Materials Engineering, The Univ. of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan a eelkashif@yahoo.com, b koseki@material.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp Keywords: HAZ, Toughness, Brittle fracture, Carbon, Manganese, Niobium, MA, Thermo-Calc.
Ohya et al. [1] investigated the microstructures relevant to brittle fracture initiation at the HAZ of weldment in low C steel.
On the contrary, Baker et al
Steels C Si Mn P S Al Nb N Cequ KT1 0.05 0.2 1.5 0.01 0.005 0.03 0 0.003 0.30 KT2 0.05 0.2 1.5 0.01 0.005 0.03 0.015 0.003 0.30 KT3 0.05 0.2 1.5 0.01 0.005 0.02 0.030 0.003 0.30 KT4 0.10 0.2 1.5 0.01 0.005 0.02 0 0.003 0.35 KT5 0.10 0.2 1.5 0.01 0.005 0.02 0.015 0.003 0.35 KT6 0.10 0.2 1.5 0.01 0.005 0.02 0.030 0.003 0.35 KT7 0.15 0.2 1.5 0.01 0.005 0.03 0 0.003 0.40 KT8 0.15 0.2 1.5 0.01 0.005 0.02 0.015 0.003 0.40 KT9 0.15 0.2 1.5 0.01 0.005 0.02 0.030 0.003 0.40 KT10 0.05 0.2 2.1 0.01 0.005 0.02 0.015 0.003 0.40 KT11 0.15 0.2 0.9 0.01 0.005 0.02 0.015 0.003 0.30 3.
Ohya et al. [1] have studied the microstructures relevant to brittle fracture initiation at the HAZ of low alloy steel (0.1% C, 1.5 % Mn, 0.5 % Cu, 0.55 % Ni, 0.012 % Nb); they found that the brittle fracture initiation sites are mostly associated with intersections of bainitic ferrite with different orientations.

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The orthotropic yield criterion CPB06 was developed by Cazacu et al. [8].
The elasto-viscoplastic behavior of this bulk alloy has been previously characterized by Tuninetti and Habraken [10] and Tuninetti et al. [7].
As underlined in Tuninetti et al. [7], the FE prediction with CPB06 is quite sensitiveto its identification methodology.
The data set used here (CPB06 identification 4 in Tuninetti et al
El Houdaigui, A.

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Xue et al [5] reported the change in acid red soil enzyme activities of tea garden, However, little is known about the change in soil enzyme acitivities of other soils within tea garden with time.
This was consistent with Xue et al[5] which showed the 50-year-old tea orchard red soil had a comparatively higher invertase activity compared to the 8- and 90-year-old tea orchard red soil.
This was consistent with Pettit et al[12]and Rodríguez-Loinaz et al[13].
Rodríguez-Loinaz et al[13]also found that urease activity was positively correlated with organic matter content.
[11] E.L.

Prett et al [8] showed, that the highest strength was measured in case of 5–7 µm Cu6Sn5 layer thickness.
Liu et al [9] aged (150oC) Sn–3Ag–0.5Cu alloy with a holding time of 0, 50, 100, 200 and 300 hour.
Chen et al [7] examined the effect of antimony in Sn-Ag-Cu-Sb alloy.
Yu et al [15] and Q.
Quesnel, Mode I fracture toughness testing of eutectic Sn-Pb solder joints, J. of El.

While Huang et al. [10] presented a 120-h LC50 value of 2.20 mg/L for PFOS.
However, the 120-h LC50 value is higher than the value reported by Hagenaars et al. [11].
These values are all higher than the 120-h LC50 value obtained by Huang et al. [10].
The effect on heart beat observed in this study is in agreement with the result of Huang et al. [10], while is different from the observation of Hagenaars et al. [11].
Van Dongen, E.L.

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However, Neeraas et al. [10,11] have conducted the experimental analysis of heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop in shell side of MCHE for gas flow and liquid falling film flow.
The correlations used as the basis in predicting heat transfer coefficient was based on the experimental done by Neeraas et al. [10,11] for gas flow and liquid falling film flow.
This step was taken based on correlations proposed by Neeraas et al. which was previously verified against the experimental result.
Al-Sobhi, H.E.
El-Halwagi, (2009).

Ren et al.[6] proposed a segmentation method based on watershed algorithm.
Geng et al. [8] put forward one based on the spectrum of cucumber downy mildew segmentation method.
E., Rafea A., Salwa-El-Gammal.
[6] Ren Yugang, Zhang Jian, Li Miao, Yuan Yuan et al.
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