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Destructive and non-destructive detecting technologies have been used by various investigators to measure the subsurface damage in the machining of brittle materials.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1034006, 51305082 and 51375097).
Skowronski, Advances in silicon carbide electronics, MRS Bulletin-Materials Research Society, 2005, 30(4): 273-279
Davis, Subsurface damage in optical materials: origin, measurement and removal, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory(LLNL) Report, 1989, March 1:1-17
Morgan, Evaluation of surface and sub-surface cracks of ground ceramic, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1999, 88: 222–243

Experimental Materials and specimens.
The fatigue tests on metallic materials suggest that the fatigue crack initiation of circular notched CT specimen at lower load belongs to high cycle fatigue, which is controlled by a stress field, and the plastic deformation at crack tip is small.
Sehitoglu, The role of grain boundaries on fatigue crack initiation – An energy approach, International Journal of Plasticity 27 (2011), 801-821
Chapetti, A simple model to predict the very high cycle fatigue resistance of steels, International Journal of Fatigue 33 (2011), 833-841
Wu, On the prediction of initiation life for fatigue crack emanating from small cold expanded holes, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 212 (2012), 1819-1824.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 3-Wire Electroslag Welded (ESW) High-Speed Pearlitic Rail Steel Joint Adnan Raza Khana, Yu Shengfub State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
Journal of materials processing technology 270, pp. 20-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec. 02.013. (2019) [4] Myers, J., Geiger, G.
Journal of materials processing technology 196, pp. 279-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.05.055.(2007) [6] Muster, H., Schmedders, H., Wick, K., Pradier, H., 1996.
ASTM International, Materials Park, Ohio, pp. 281-296. https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?
ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.(2003) [17] ASTM E23-02a, Standard test methods for notched bar impact testing of metallic materials.

The turning accuracy of Machine Tool Spindle and grinding process system were analyzed to guarantee the grinding accuracy and cutting accuracy of the whole machine material.
Table 1 Geometric accuracy requirements Testing Item Error Source Radial flop of spindle journal (permitted amount: 1.5μm) Flop of spindle blade shoulder (permitted amount: 1.5μm) Radial flop of spindle cone location hole (permitted amount: 1.5μm) Cylinder detected surface 1.roundness error 0 0 2.offset error between the axis of detected surface and rotating axis 0 0 3. deviation of the rotating axis 0 0 Plane detected surface 4.flatness error of the detected surface 0 5. verticality error between detected surface and rotating axis 0 6.periodic axial displacement of rotating axis 0 0 Table 2 Error modified of two technique methods Error of the detected surface Technique method 1.Space directional fitting method 2. self-grinding method Cylinder detected surface 1.roundness error Can not be modified partly modified 2.offset error between the axis of detected surface and rotating axis Obviously modified Obviously modified 3. deviation
The accuracy of spindle part was higher than domestic common machine according drawing(The roundness of spindle bearing journal is 0.8μm, the coaxiality between the frontier bearing and the behind bearing is 1μm, the radial run-out is 0.8μm, the verticality between shaft shoulder and bearing surface axis is 1μm, the radial run-out between 30oC inner cone positioning core and bearing surface is 1.2μm ).The last three geometric accuracy of CG6120 lathe spindle assembled by space directional fitting method shown as Table 1 was difficulty to reach 1.5μm..
Reference [1] Zhao Rufu: Metal Mechanical Processing Technique Manual, Shanghai, Shanghai Science Technology Press (2004)

Based on the kinematics and material mechanics, the gripper motion is analyzed.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Priority Research Centers Programs through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2012-0005856) Corresponding Author Prof.
Roch: Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering Vol. 13 (2003), p. 330 [4] Y.Zhou and B.
Popovic: Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering Vol. 12 (2003), p. 430 [6] Specification of Miniature OEM motors: SQ-100-N (New Scale Tech.)

Introduction Ultrasonic machining USM is a combination of the grinding material’s oscillation, the ultrasonic oscillation and the cavitation.
The vibrator consists of the piezoelectric material and the metal (brass in this article) which are pasted together, and it is used to generate resonance.
Table 2 Nature frequency and resonant frequency of vibrator (Hz) 35-tooth vibrator (Thickness of ceramic disc is 0.5mm) Mode A Mode B Difference of frequencies FEM 46033 46033 0 Experiment 39235 39225 10 It is seen that the theoretical results and the experimental results of the frequency are different, because of the effects on the frequency of the properties of material, pasting layer, processing error, and the sizes of FEM net grids.
Acknowledges This paper is supported by national natural science foundation of China (51075195).
References [1] Chen Jie: Journal of Liaoning Technical University(Natural Science) Vol. 3 (2008), p. 413 [2] Zheng Shuyou, Feng Pingfa, Wu Zhijun and Yu Dingwen: Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology Vol. 13 (2009), p. 51 [3] Wenhu Xu, Xinchun Lu, Guoshun Pan, Yuanzhong Lei and Jianbin Luo: Applied Surface Science Vol. 256 (2010), p. 3936 [4] Yang Weiping, Wu Yongbo and Xu Jiawen: Mechanical Science and Technology for Aerospace Engineering Vol. 7 (2008), p. 841

Citation & Copyright (to be inserted by the publisher ) Tensile Deformation Characteristics of Commercial Mg Alloys Processed by Equal Channel Angular Pressing Si-Young Chang 1, Sang-Woong Lee 1, Jin-Chun Kim 2, Young-Seok Kim 3 and Dong Hyuk Shin4 1 Dept. of Materials Engineering, Hankuk Aviation University, Koyang, Kyunggi-do 412-791, Korea 1 *Graduate Student, Hankuk Aviation University, Koyang, Kyunggi-do 412-791, Korea 2 Material Technology Dept., Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, 66 Sangnam-dong, Changwon, Kyungnam 641-831, Korea 3 Center of Technology Development & Assistance for SMEs, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 472 Kajwa-dong, Inchon 404-254, Korea 4 Dept. of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Hanyang University, Ansan, Kyunggi-do 425-791, Korea Keywords: equal channel angular pressing, Mg-Al-Zn alloys, elongation, bimodal microstructure Abstract.
The limited approaches have been relatively attempted for materials with hexagonal close packed (hcp) crystal structure such as Ti and Mg alloys [7-10].
However, their mechanical properties are poor among the structural materials.
Cylindrical samples of �10 mm×130 mm were prepared from the ingots, as starting materials for ECAP.
These phenomena were a contrast to the behavior of conventional materials and the ECA pressed materials.

According to the mechanical characteristics of the frame, materials are selected and manufacturability requirements are limited.
Frame Structural Design and Materials According to the mechanical characteristics and structural characteristics of the frame, space rigid frame structure is made up of girders and beams.
Considering material mechanical properties, welding technology and economy factors, Q235B materials with the cold bending hollow structural steel of the square tube is chosen to build the frame.
In the chemical composition of materials, impurities are not allowed to appear, and wall thickness should be evenly distributed among the whole frame, otherwise abnormal fracture may appear frequently in the use process.
References [1]XU Peixia, CAI Bing-fang：Structural optimization design on frame of all topography vehicle based on A�SYS, JOURNAL OF MACHINE DESIGN,(2008),in press

Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) is a phenomenon in which cracks develop in certain materials due to a combination of stress and corrosion.
These materials are particularly susceptible to SCC failure in dilute solutions.
However, The study provides valuable insights into designing electrochemical systems and choosing appropriate electrode materials for different applications.
Hamdan, Crack Propagation in Pipelines Under Extreme Conditions of Near-Neutral PH SCC, Computers, Materials and Continua. 73 (2022) 5315–5329. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2022.031042
Usman, Interaction of Cyclic Loading (Low-Cyclic Fatigue) with Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) Growth Rate, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. 2020 (2020) 10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8026372

Experimental Procedures Materials and Brazing Procedure.
Department of Energy (DOE), Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering.
Collings: Materials Properties Handbook.
Conf. on Advanced Materials and Processing (PRICM4).
Ice: Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 86, (1999), p. 5249