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However, CN also endures a number of drawbacks such as inadequate visible light utilization, anguish photocatalytic activity and low photogenerated e−–h+ pairs transfer [9].
Moreover, the XRD patterns of ue-CN and ZFO correspond to the JCPDS card No. 87-1526 and 89-1010.

Although the atomic number z of indium dopant is 49, its concentration in the film samples is not quantified by EDS technique, as is evident in Fig. 3, since it is expected that the indium characteristic X-ray peaks Kα and M are at 3.286 and 0.368 keV, respectively [14].
As is indexed in Fig. 4, the peaks are considerably matched with those reported in the standard (JCPDS no.31-0561) card, confirming the synthesis of the stoichiometric germanium monosulphide GeS bulk alloy, which has an orthorhombic structure and the (111) plane emerges as the strongest orientation.

Consequently, a sufficient number of bubbles were produced even at lower current densities.
XRD peaks of (111), (220), (311), (222), (400), (422), and (440) Co3O4 (JCPDS card no. 75–2480) were observed at 2θ = 21.62, 31.78, 36.84, 39.92, 44.5, 56.2, and 65.68°, respectively [15].

The chemical formula of this phase in the JCPDS database is Al17(Fe3.2Mn0.8)Si2 (card number 71-4015 [12]).

When the forming rate of nuclei became faster than its growth rate, it was prone to yield many tiny particles, leading to large number of nuclei.
The peaks are in agreement between the interplanar spacing (d) of other diffraction peaks and that of No.211272 anatase titania in JCPDS card.

There has been a large number of previous works carried out to synthesize the porous anatase titania, including the use of block copolymer surfactants as structure-directing template by sol-gel techniques.
All the relatively sharp peaks could be indexed with JCPDS card No. 21-1272 as (101), (004), (200), (105), (204) crystal planes of anatase TiO2 (sampel a and b).

The XRD patterns of the calcined powder at 600 and 800°C presents a defined structure and their diffraction peaks are in agreement with the standard card JCPDS 75-162 of Ce0,8Gd0,2O1,9, identifying the fluorite-type structure (space group Fm3m).
The SEM also evaluates the milling process effect for decrease the number and the size of agglomerates.

The closely arranged CuO NPs in the TEM image (Fig. 2) show that even at lower CSNL (biomaterial) dosages, there is still high nanoparticle yield via a reduction in the number of copper ions.
The prepared NPs showed five peaks that are attributed to crystalline Cu (JCPDS card no. 4-0836) including 28.63°, 30.0°, 32.08°, 38.0°, 43.0°, 44.48°, 46.12°, 61.68°, 65.0° and 78.0° that correspond to the (1 1 0), (1 1 1), (0 0 2), (1 1 2), (2 0 2), (0 2 0), (0 2 2), (1 1 3) and (2 2 2) lattice planes of cubic Cu NPs.

This research used the Nd: YAG laser with varying laser energies (300-500) mJ at the number of fixed laser pulses 100 to synthesise cadmium oxide nanoparticles (CdO NPs) through laser ablation.
As shown in the picture, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of CdO matches the spectrum of the International Centre of Diffraction Data (JCPDS) reference card no. (05-0640).
This reference card corresponds to CdO with a cubic crystalline structure with a facing orientation.

Generally, in ZnO, electrons are promoted from the valence band and transferred to the conductance band under illumination that provides no less than the band gap energy of ZnO, leaving the corresponding number of holes in the valence band to form electron-hole pairs.[5] Photocatalysts oxidize organic polymers by adsorption holes.
With reference to the JCPDS card, it is found that our ZnO powder is of wurtzite structure, and it exhibits good crystallinity and purity.