Application of TiO₂ Nanoparticle in Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants

Abstract:

Heavy industrialization, specifically in the developing countries, has generated several unwanted environmental pollution. A variety of toxic organic compounds is produced in chemical and petroleum industries, which have resulted in collectively hazardous effects on the environment that needs immediate attention for remediation. Degradation of these pollutants has been tried through the various mechanism, out of which photocatalytic degradation seems to be one of the most promising approaches to reduce environmental pollution specifically in waste water treatment. Photocatalytic degradation has potential for the effective decomposition of organic pollutants due to efficiency to convert light energy into chemical energy. Additionally, the photocatalytic oxidation process is an advanced technique as it offers high degradation and effective mineralization at moderate temperature and specific radiation wavelength. Among various known photocatalysts, TiO₂ is regarded as the one of the potential photocatalysts because of its hydrophilic property, high reactivity, reduced toxicity, chemical stability and lower costs. Therefore, the present chapter focuses on the role of TiO₂ as the photocatalyst for the degradation of organic pollutants. The general mechanism of degradation of organic pollutants along with properties of TiO₂ as the photocatalyst, existing mechanism of degradation via TiO₂ was explained. The possible approaches to enhance degradation via TiO₂ nanoparticle along with existing bottlenecks have been also discussed.

• Periodical: Materials Science Forum (Volume 855)
• Pages: 20-32
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.855.20
• Online since: May 2016
• Authors: Tripti Singh, Neha Srivastava, P.K. Mishra, A.K. Bhatiya, Nand Lal Singh
• Keywords: Bioremediation, Organic Pollutant, Photocatalyst, Photocatalytic Degradation, TiO₂

References

[1] H. Zangeneh, A.A.L. Zinatizadeh, M. Habibi, M. Akia and I.M. Hasnain, Photocatalytic oxidation of organic dyes and pollutants in wastewater using different modified titanium dioxides: A comparative review, J. Industrial and Engg. Chemistry, 26 (2015).

DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2014.10.043

[2] N. Nuhoglu and B. Yalcin, Modeling of phenol removal in a batch reactor, J. Pro Biochem, 40 (3-4) (2005) 1233–1239.

DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2004.04.003

[3] Y. Jiang, J.P. Wen, J. Bai, D.Q. Wang, and Z.D. Hu, Phenol biodegradation by the yeast Candida tropicalis in the presence of m-cresol, J. Biochem Engg., 29 (3) (2006) 227–234.

[4] N.G. Buckman, J.O. Hill, and R.J. Magee, Separation of substituted phenols, including eleven priority pollutants using high-performance liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr, 284 (1984) 441-446.

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)87845-6

[5] ATSDR/CDC. Subcommittee report on biological indicators of organ damage. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta GA (1990).

[6] M.N. Chong, C.W.K. Chow, B. Jin, and C. Saint, Recent Developments in Photocatalytic, Water Treatment Catal. Technol.: A Review. Water Research, 44 (2010) 2997-3027.

DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.02.039

[7] Y.T. Wei, Y.Y. Wang and C. Wan, Photocatalytic oxidation of phenol in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and titanium dioxide powders, J. of Photochem. and Photobiol. A: Chemistry, 55 (1990) 115-126.

DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(90)80024-r

[8] B. Carre, D. Cubyanes, P. d'Oliveira, M. Ferray, P. Fournier and F. Gounand, Photoionization of highly excited atomic sodium involving core-excited resonances, Zeitschrift für Physik D, 15 (2) (1990) 117-132.

DOI: 10.1007/bf01437005

[9] H. Shu, J. Xie, H. Xu, H. Li, Z. Gu, G. Sun and Y. Xu, Structural characterization and photocatalytic activity of NiO/AgNbO3, J. Alloys Compd., 496 (2010) 633–637.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.02.148

[10] A. Fujishima, and K. Honda, Electrochemical photolysis of water at semiconductor Electrode, J. Nature, 238 (1972) 37-38.

DOI: 10.1038/238037a0

[11] S. Helali, C. Guillard, N. Perol, E. Puzenat and M.J. Safi, Methylamine and dimethylamine photocatalytic degradation-Adsorption isotherms and kinetics, Appl. Catal. A: General, 402 (2011) 201-207.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apcata.2011.06.004

[12] Y. Li, Li. Leiyong, Li. Chenwan, W. Chen and M. Zeng, Carbon nanotube/titania composites prepared by a micro-emulsion method exhibiting improved photocatalytic activity, Appl. Catal. A: General, 427 (428) (2012) 1-7.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apcata.2012.03.004

[13] A.A. Vega, G.E. Imoberdorf, M. Mohseni, Photocatalytic degradation of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in a fluidised bed photoreactor with composite template-free TiO2 photocatal., Appl. Catal. A, 405 (2011) 120-128.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apcata.2011.07.033

[14] J.M. Herrmann, Heterogeneous photocatalysis: fundamentals and applications to the removal of various types of aqueous pollutants, Catal. Today, 53 (1999), 115-129.

DOI: 10.1016/s0920-5861(99)00107-8

[15] M. Aslam, I.M. Ismail, S. Chandrasekaran AND A. Hameed, Morphology controlled bulk synthesis of disc-shaped WO3 powder and evaluation of its photocatalytic activity for the degradation of phenols, J. Hazard Mater. 276C (2014) 120-128.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.05.022

[16] J. Bandara, U. Klehm and J. Kiwi, Raschig rings Fe2O3 composite photoCatal. activate in the degradation of 4 chlorophenol and orange II under daylight irradiation, Appl. Catal. B environ. 34 (2007) 321- 333.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2007.05.007

[17] R. Hengerer, B. Bolliger, M. Erbudak and M. Grätzel, Structure and stability of the anatase TiO2 (101) and (001) surfaces, Surface Sci., 460 (2000) 162–169.

DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6028(00)00527-6

[18] G.L. Puma, A. Bono, D. Krishnaiah and J.G. Collin, Preparation of titanium dioxide photoCatal. loaded onto activated carbon support using chemical vapor deposition: A review paper, J. of Hazard. Mater., 157 (2008) 209–219.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.01.040

[19] G. Meacock, K.D.A. Taylor, M. Knowles and A. Himonides, The improved whitening of minced cod flesh using dispersed titanium dioxide, J. Sci. Food Agric., 73 (2) (1997) 221–225.

DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0010(199702)73:2<221::aid-jsfa708>3.0.co;2-u

[20] S. Gupta, Mital and M. Tripathi, A review of TiO2 nanoparticles, Chinese Sci. Bulletin, 56 (2011).

[21] A.T. Paxton and L. Thiên-Nga, Electronic structure of reduced titanium dioxide, Phys. Rev. B, 57 (1998) 1579–1584.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.57.1579

[22] S. Banerjee, J. Gopal, P. Muraleedharan, B. Raj and A.K. Tyagi, Physics and chemistry of photocatalytic titanium dioxide: Visualization of bactericidal activity using atomic force microscopy, Current Sci., 90 (2006) 1378–1383.

[23] R. Kun, S. Tarján, A. Oszkó, T. Seemann, V. Zöllmer, M. Busse and I. Dékány, Prepa-ration and characterization of mesoporous N-doped and sulfuric acid treated anatase TiO2 Catal. s and their photocatalytic activity under UV and Vis illumination, J. Solid State Chem., 182 (2009).

DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2009.08.022

[24] S. Carbonaro, T.J. Strathmann and M.N. Sugihara, Continuous-flow photocatalytic treatment, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 129 (2013) 1-12.

[25] M.M. Ba-Abbad, A.A.H. Kadhum, A.B. Mohamad, M.S. Takriff and K. Sopian, Synthesis and catalytic activity of TiO2 nanoparticles for photochemical oxidation of concentrated chlorophenols under direct solar radiation, Int'l J. of Electrochem. Sci., 7 (2012).

DOI: 10.1016/s1452-3981(23)19588-5

[26] M. A. Barakat, H. Schaeffera, G. Hayes, and S. Ismat-Shah, Photocatalytic degradation of 2-chlorophenol by Co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 57 (2005) 23–30.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2004.10.001

[27] F.D. Mai, C.S. Lu, C.W. Wu, C.H. Huang, J.Y. Chen and C.C. Chen, Mechanisms of photocatalytic degradation of Victoria Blue R using nano-TiO2, Separation and publication Technol., 62 (2008) 423-436.

DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2008.02.006

[28] M. Huang, C. Xu, Z. Wu, Y. Huang, J. Lin and J. Wu, Photocatalytic discolorization of methyl orange solution by Pt modified TiO2 loaded on natural zeolite, Dyes and Pigments, 77 (2008) 2 327–334.

DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2007.01.026

[29] N. Sobana, K. Selvam and M. Swaminathan, Optimization of photocatalytic degradation conditions of Direct Red 23 using nano-Ag doped TiO2, Separation and Purification Catal. Technol., 62 (2008) 3 648–653.

DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2008.03.002

[30] M. J. Pawar and V. B. Nimbalkar, Synthesis and phenol degradation activity of Zn and Cr doped TiO2 nanoparticles, Research J. of Chem. Sci., 2 (2012) 1 32–37.

[31] R. Rajeshwari and S. Kanmani, A study on degradation of pesticide wastewater by TiO2 photocatalysis. J. of Scientific & Industrial Research, 68 (2009) 1063-1067.

[32] V. Buscio, S. Brosillon, J. Mendret , M. Crespi and C. Gutiérrez-Bouzán, Photocatalytic Membrane Reactor for the Removal of C.I. Disperse Red 73, J. Mater. 8 (2015) 3633-3647.

DOI: 10.3390/ma8063633

[33] A.E. Cassano and O.M. Alfano, Reaction Engg. of suspended solid heterogeneous photocatalytic reactors, Catal. Today, 58 (2–3) (2000) 167–197.

DOI: 10.1016/s0920-5861(00)00251-0

[34] H.P. Shivaraju, Removal of Organic Pollutants in the Municipal Sewage Water by TiO2 based Heterogeneous Photocatalysis. Int'l J. of Environ. Sci. 1 (2011) 911–923.

[35] M. Muruganandham and M. Swaminathan, TiO2-UV photocatalytic oxidation of Reactive Yellow 14: effect of operational parameters. J. Hazard. Mater., 135 (1-3) (2006) 78-86.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.11.022

[36] J.L. Shie, C.H. Lee, C.S. Chiou, C.T. Chang, C.C. Chang and C.Y. Chang, Photdegra-dation kinetics of formaldehyde using light sources of UVA, UVC and UVLED in the presence of composed silver titanium dioxide photoCatal., J. of Hazard. Mater. 155 (2008).

DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.11.043

[37] A. Jamalia, R. Vanraesb, P. Hanselaerb, T. Van Gervena, A batch LED reactor for the photocatalytic degradation of phenol, J. of Chem. Engg. and Processing, 71 (2013) 43– 50.

[38] K. Dai, L. Lub, C. Liangc, Q. Liud, G. Zhua, Heterojunction of facet coupled g-C3N4/surface-fluorinated TiO2 nanosheets for organic pollutants degradation under visible LED light irradiation Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 156–157 (2014) 331–340.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.03.039

[39] U.I. Gaya and A.H. Abdullah, Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants over titanium dioxide: a review of fundamentals, progress and problems. J. Photochem. Photobiol. C. Photochem. Rev., 9 (1) (2008) 1-12.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2007.12.003

[40] S. Mozia, Photocatalytic membrane reactors (PMRs) in water and wastewater treatment. A review. Sep. Purif. Technol., 73 (2010) 71–91.

DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2010.03.021

[41] H.Y. Kim, A.M. Nasser, M. Barakata and I.S.C. Kanjwalc, Influence of temperature on the photodegradation process using Ag-doped TiO2 nanostructures: Negative impact with the nanofibers, J. of Molecular Catal. A: Chem. 366 (2013) 333– 340.

DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2012.10.012

[42] B.M. Hussaina, N. Russoa and G. Saraccoa, Photocatalytic abatement of VOCs by novel optimized TiO2 nanoparticles Chem. Engg. J. 166 (2011) 138–149.

[43] S.J. Yoo, D.H. Kwak, K.G. Kim, K.J. Hwang, J.W. Lee, U.Y. Hwang, H.S. Park and J.O. Kim. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and acetaldehyde by TiO2/glaze coated porous red clay tile. Korean J. Chem. Engg., 25 (5) (2008) 1232-1238.

DOI: 10.1007/s11814-008-0204-1

[44] R. Thiruvenkatachari, S. Vigneswaran and S. Moon, A review on UV/TiO2 photocatalytic oxidation process (J. Review). Korean J. Chem. Engg., 25 (2008) 64-72.

DOI: 10.1007/s11814-008-0011-8

[45] N. Guettai and H.A. Amar, Photocatalytic oxidation of methyl orange in presence of titanium dioxide in aqueous suspension. Part I: Parametric study. Desalination, 185 (2005) 427-437.

DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2005.04.048

[46] W. Bahnemann, M.M. Haque and M. Muneer, Titanium dioxide-mediated photocatalysed degradation of few selected organic pollutants in aqueous suspensions. Catal. Today, 124 (3-4) (2007) 133–148.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2007.03.031

[47] R.C.M. Disha, A Study on Rate of Decolorization of Textile Azo Dye Direct Red 5B by Recently Developed PhotoCatal., Int'l J. of Scientific and Research Publications, 3 (2013) 2250-3153.

[48] D. Chen and A.K. Ray, Photodegradation kinetics of 4-nitrophenol in TiO2 suspension. Water Resources 32 (1998) 3223-3234.

DOI: 10.1016/s0043-1354(98)00118-3

[49] M. Abdullah, G.K.C. Low and R.W. Matthews, Effects of common inorganic anions on rates of photocatalytic oxidation of organic carbon over illuminated titanium dioxide. J. Phys. Chem., 94 (1990) 6820-6825.

DOI: 10.1021/j100380a051

[50] J.C. Crittenden, D.W. Hand, E.G. Marchand, D.L. Perram and Y. Zhang, Solar detoxification of fuel-contaminated groundwater using fixed-bed photoCatal., Water Environ. Research, 68 (1996) 270-278.

DOI: 10.2175/106143096x127703

[51] M.H. Habibi, A. Hassanzadeh and S. Mahdavi, The effect of operational parameters on the photocatalytic degradation of three textile azo dyes in aqueous TiO2 suspensions, J. Photochem. and Photobiol. A: Chem., 172 (2005) 89-96.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.11.009

[52] W. Baran, A. Makowski, W. Wardas, The influence of FeCl3 on the photocatalytic degradation of dissolved azo dyes in aqueous TiO2 suspensions Chemosphere, 53 (2003) 87–95.

DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(03)00435-1

[53] C. Hu, J.C. Yu, Z. Hao and P.K. Wong, Effects of acidity and inorganic ions on the photocatalytic degradation of different azo dyes Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 46 (2003) 35–47.

DOI: 10.1016/s0926-3373(03)00139-5

[54] J. Wiszniowski, D. Robert, J. Surmacz-Gorska, K. Miksch, S. Malato and J.V. Weber, Solar photocatalytic degradation of humic acids as a model of organic compounds of landfill leachate in pilot-plant experiments: Influence of inorganic salts. Appl. Catal. B-Environ., 53 (2) (2004).

DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2004.04.017

[55] U. Muhammad and A.A. Hamidi, Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants in Water, Organic Pollutants - Monitoring, Risk and Treatment, Intech Open, (2013).

DOI: 10.5772/53699

[56] D. Ollis and H. Al-Elkabi, Photocatalytic Purification and Treatment of Water and Air, Elsevier Sci. Ltd., (1993) 481-494.

[57] K.J. Green and R.J. Rudham, Photocatalytic oxidation of propan-2-ol by semiconductor–zeolite composites. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 89 (11) (1993) 1867–1870.

DOI: 10.1039/ft9938901867

[58] T. Szabóa, A. Veresa, E. Cho, J. Khimb, N. Vargaa and I. Dékány, PhotoCatal. separation from aqueous dispersion using grapheme oxide/ TiO2 nanocomposites. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Engg. Aspects, 433 (2013) 230– 239.

DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.04.063

[59] M. Maicu, M.C. Hidalgo, G. Colón and J.A. Navío, Comparative study of the photodeposition of Pt, Au and Pd on pre-sulphated TiO2 for the photocatalytic decomposition of phenol. J. of Photochem. and Photobiol. A: Chemistry, 217 (2011)  275–283.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2010.10.020

[60] G. Halasi, F. Solymosi and I. Ugrai, Photocatalytic decomposition of ethanol on TiO2 modified by N and promoted by metals. J. Catal., 281 (2011) 309–317.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2011.05.016

[61] R. Asahi, K. Aoki, T. Morikawa, T. Ohwaki and Y. Taga, Visible-light photocatalysis in nitrogen-doped titanium dioxides. Sci., 293 (2001) 269-271.

DOI: 10.1126/science.1061051

[62] H. Irie, K. Hashimoto and Y. Watanabe, Nitrogen concentration dependence on photocatalytic activity of TiO2-xNx powders. J. Phys. Chem. B, 107 (2003) 5483-5486.

DOI: 10.1021/jp030133h

[63] T. Ihara, M. Miyoshi, Y. Iriyama, O. Matsumoto and S. Sugihara, Visible-light-active titanium dioxide photoCatal. realized by an oxygen-deficient structure and by nitrogen doping. Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 42 (2003) 403-409.

DOI: 10.1016/s0926-3373(02)00269-2

[64] A. Fujishima, D.A. Tryk and X. Zhang, TiO2 photocatalysis and related surface phenomena. Surf. Sci. Rep., 63 (2008) 515-582.

DOI: 10.1016/j.surfrep.2008.10.001

[65] Q. Chen, D. Jiang, W. Shi, D. Wu and Y. Xu, Visible-light-activated Ce–Si co-doped TiO2 photoCatal. Appl. Surface Sci., 255 (2009) 7918–7924.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.04.167

[66] R. Matthews, Solar-electricwater purification using photocatalytic oxidationwith TiO2 as a stationary phase. Solar Energy, 38 (6) (1987) 405–413.

DOI: 10.1016/0038-092x(87)90021-1

[67] M. Bideau, B. Claudel, C. Dubien, L. Faure and H. Kazouan, On the immobilization, of titanium dioxide in the photocatalytic oxidation of spent waters. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A, 91 (2) (1995) 137–144.

DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(95)04098-z

[68] R. Matthews, Photooxidation of organic impurities in water using thin films of titanium dioxide, J. Phys. Chem. 91 (12) (1987) 3328–3333.

DOI: 10.1021/j100296a044

[69] M. Xiaojun, Y. Hongmei, Y. Lili, C. Yin and L. Ying, Preparation, Surface and Pore Structure of High Surface Area Activated Carbon Fibers from Bamboo by Steam Activation J. Mater., 7 (2014) 4431-4441.

DOI: 10.3390/ma7064431

[70] I.R. Bellobono, M. Bonardi, L. Castellano, E. Selli and L. Righetto, Degradation of some chloro-aliphatic water contaminants by photocatalytic membranes immobilizing titanium dioxide, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 67 (1) (1992) 109–115.

DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(92)85173-r

[71] K. Kato, Photocatalytic property of TiO2 anchored on porous alumina ceramic support by the alkoxide method, J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn. 101 (3) (1993) 245–249.

DOI: 10.2109/jcersj.101.245

[72] M. Anderson, M.J. Gieselmann and Q. Xu, Titania and alumina ceramic membranes, J. Membr. Sci. 39 (3) (1988) 243–258.

DOI: 10.1016/s0376-7388(00)80932-1

[73] R. Mariscal, J.M. Palacios, M. Galan-Ferreres and J.L.G. Fierro, Incorporation of titania into preshaped silica monolith structures, Appl. Catal. A 116 (1–2) (1994) 205–219.

DOI: 10.1016/0926-860x(94)80290-4

[74] Y. Xu and H. Langford, Enhanced photoactivity of a titanium (iv) oxide supported on zsm5 and zeolite a at low coverage, J. Phys. Chem. 99 (29) (1995) 11501–11507.

DOI: 10.1021/j100029a031

[75] Y.M. Gao, H.S. Shen, K. Dwight and A. Wold, Preparation and photocatalytic properties of titanium (IV) oxide films, Mater. Res. Bull. 27 (9) (1992) 1023–1030.

DOI: 10.1016/0025-5408(92)90240-z