Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 472

Abstract: Since commercial chitosan powder may dissolve in water to some degree and demands to be modified chemically to create its own exclusive pore canal we have synthetized two different modified chitosan beads in this investigation by using glutaraldehyde as crosslinking agent, significantly, novel porogen silica sol and methanol, and analysis means SEM, FTIR and BET demonstrated that the surface area and pore size improved signally. Moreover, the adsorption conditions pH and ionic strength have been considered, and the maximum adsorption capacity of nickel ions was 32.40 mg/g at the optimum condition. Furthermore, the main model equations on isotherm and kinetics have been deliberated and the results clearly revealed that Freundlich, external mass transfer, intra particle diffusion and pseudo second order model fitted better to the experimental data (R² > 0.99, all). It is expected that this results would be serviceable to remove metals from wastewater using chitosan and its derivatives.

Abstract: On account of severe water pollution condition, this paper combines refinery and chemical enterprises pollution reduction and linear programming method, builds a selection optimization model of water pollution emission reduction measures in refining and chemical enterprises, and puts the above model into practice to validate its validity and reliability. According to the case study, the maximum emission reductions of COD and NH₃-N for refining and chemical enterprises was 6481.50 and 549.51tons, which has improved 29.63% and 9.90% compared with the target reductions, respectively. The optimal emission reduction scheme is choosing Mycelx^TM technology, and COD has installed on the Delay catalytic unit, while NH₃-N has installed on the Sulfur recovery unit. This model could provide not only the maximum emission reduction and optimal scheme, but also the decision support of emission reduction for refinery and chemical enterprises during "the 12^th Five-Year Plan".

Abstract: Based on the (import) non-competitive input-output tables, this paper calculates Chinas embodied carbon emission by consumption-based measures and production-based measures, and assesses embodied carbon emissions between China and United States (U.S.), Japan and European Union (EU) in trade. The results revealed that Chinas embodied carbon emission from domestic production (Q^P) was higher than that from domestic consumption by 15.1-25.8% because of the balance of embodied emissions in trade (Q^B) during 1997-2010. Chinas embodied carbon emission within export (Q^E) grew from 0.69Gt in 1997 to 1.98Gt in 2010, accounting for 23.4-35.8% of Q^P. Q^B grew from 0.36Gt in 1997 to 1.12Gt in 2010, accounting for 12.2-23.2% of Q^P. Q^B of China between U.S., Japan and EU increased from 0.25Gt in 1997 to 0.73Gt in 2010, accounting for 8.4-16.0% of Q^P. Around 50% of Chinas embodied carbon emissions resulted from trade between China and U.S., Japan and EU.

Abstract: Based on the traffic and transportation energy consumption, the carbon emissions of traffic and transportation energy consumption are obtained by using the estimation model of carbon emissions from 1999 to 2011 in Jilin Province, and the dynamic changes and the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) of carbon emissions are analyzed. The result indicates that the carbon emission of traffic and transportation energy consumption increased continuously from 99.3750×10⁴ t to 331.8255×10⁴ t between 1999 and 2011 in Jilin Province, the change process is divided into three stages which include the stage of the stationary growth phase, accelerated growth stage and slow growth stage, the large consumption of diesel energy is the main reason of the rapid growth in carbon emissions. The EKC of carbon emission shows the inverted U shape roughly and the turning point appeared in 2011, after 2011, carbon emissions will decrease along with the economic growth. Based on the STIRPAT model, the study reveals that elasticity coefficients of driving factors such as population, per capita GDP, the unit GDP energy consumption, the investment of traffic and transportation, city rate, the number of private cars are 0.23440.2202-0.22470.16570.2864 and 0.2163, respectively. Jilin Province must implement effective measures to change the existing development mode of traffic and transportation, change the energy structure, and increase the innovation of scientific and technological, to strive for the realization of negative growth in carbon emissions of traffic and transportation energy consumption.

Abstract: In China, about 50% CO₂ emissions from the power industry. Ways of energy conservation, reduction project and power structure adjustment can effectively reduce CO₂ emissions, which is an important resort for power industry to implement low-carbon development strategy and have great influence on the power structure in China. In this paper, 0-1 integer linear generation expansion planning model based on CO₂ emission reduction is first developed and applied to the power system in Heilongjiang province. The results show that the power structure dominated by thermal coal has been changed gradually to meet the requirement of operation and management of continuous development of power system. Meanwhile, measures of CO₂ emission reduction taking in different periods are programmed. This study can provide reference for the decision support of CO₂ emission reduction and generation expansion in power industry.

Abstract: The kieselguhr was modified by the lignin-based cationic surfactant which obtained from the Mannich reaction. Modified organic kieselguhr exhibited favorable adsorption to adhesive and fine colloidal substance. Dissolved and colloidal substances (DCS) appeared in the secondary fibre reuse process interfered the pulping and papermaking seriously. The organic clay could remove the stickies substances through adsorption approach technically. In this paper, PVAc was chosen as the simulacrum of stickies because of its wide application as the adhesives in wood, textile, paint, paper processing and other industries. The organic kieselguhr was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and infrared spectrum (IR), etc. Then the adsorption experiment of PVAc emulsion from aqueous solution was carried out. 78.61% of the adhesive was absorbed by the organic kieselguhr, while the untreated clay only removed 53.41%. Common cationic surfactant, such as dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB) and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), the modified clays were taken as the reference substance. The results indicated that the modified organic kieselguhr had well absorption efficacy to the stickies simulacrum, which provided a novel approach for the stickies controlling.

Abstract: This paper takes Fuzhou Guihu geothermal field as the research object, analyzing its geothermal background of regional tectonic characteristics. With the increase of flow path, contents of carbonate and aluminosilicate minerals both raises, while 87Sr/86Sr goes down gradually. 87Sr/86Sr in discharge regions of geothermal water is the lowest. Analysis of the geothermal water chemistry and isotopic characteristics lead to the conclusion that the underground water circular depth of wells located on the alluvia and proluvial fans in front of mountains is relatively deep, which reaches 500-700m. Average of the mixed ratio is 0.14, which means that 14% cold water is mixed.

Abstract: The starch/lactic acid grafting copolymer has been prepared by one-step reaction of corn starch with lactic acid catalyzed with sulfuric acid, and the structure of product was characterized by IR, XRD, SEM and ¹H-NMR. The experimental results showed that sulfuric acid could catalyze the graft copolymerization of starch with lactic acid, and the grafting degree of starch could reach 55.4%.

Abstract: The feasible routine of carbon dioxide solidification is developed, which employs carbon dioxide with calcium sulfate and ammonia to obtain calcium carbonate and ammonium sulfate at ambient temperature. The process of carbon dioxide solidification is a spontaneous and exothermic reaction, whose possesses the rate constants of the second order reaction, which can be attributed to carbon dioxide gas dissolving the water media and carbon dioxide reacted with ammonia to produce ammonium bicarbonate. Calcium sulfate changing rapidly into calcium carbonate accelerates the process of reaction of carbon dioxide reacted with ammonia. The optimization process parameters of carbon dioxide solidification are a 0.075-MPa of CO₂, a 0.5-mol of CaSO₄·2H₂O, a 0.5-mol of NH₃·H₂O and a 100-ml of H₂O in a closed reactor, which is able to obtain 100% CO₂ gas solidification efficiency within 4 minutes at ambient temperature.

Abstract: The area of By-Product Synergy (BPS) has been enjoying particular success since it was initially developed, especially in America. This paper analyzes the model of BPS in America, including the material flow, information flow, collaborate network and the role of the participants etc. In China, BPS and Industrial Symbiosis activities are being implemented through the idea of the circular economy, and faced with many problems. Based on the analysis of America BPS, this paper proposes a framework for EIP implementation and several suggestions for China.