Advanced Materials Research Vol. 663

Abstract: The method of ultrasound-assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsification microextraction combined with pre-column derivatization (UAE-SEEME-SFO-PD) was developed to simultaneously extract and determine the estrogens such as estriol (E3), bisphenol A (BPA), 17α-Ethynylestradiol (EE2), estradiol (E2) and nonylphenol (NP) in water samples. Central composite design was employed to investigate the effects of the factors, including emulsifier (Tween 20) volume, extractant (dodecanol) volume, ultrasonic power, ultrasonic time, the amount of derivating agent (paranitrobenzoyl chloride), temperature of derivatization and derivatization time, on the response of analytes. The optimized analytical conditions were obtained by response surface plot as follows: 40 µL of Tween 20, 35 µL of dodecanol, 62.5 W of ultrasonic power, 15 min of ultrasonic time, 5.0 mg of derivating agent, temperature of derivatization 35 °C and derivatization time 2.0 min, with the linear range of 0.02-2.0 mg/L for E3, BPA, EE2 and E2, 0.02-1.0 mg/L for NP, respectively (the correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9950 to 0.9999). Also, the limits of detection were found between 1.06-5.04 µg/L. The spiked recoveries of estrogens under different spiked levels (0.02, 0.20 and 1.00 mg/L) for estrogens were in the range of 88.08-117.33%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was of 0.75-9.73%. Additionally, the method could be applied to analysis of estrogens in real water samples (collected from upstream and downstream of a reservoir), and the relative recoveries of estrogens under spiked levels (0.05 and 0.50 mg/L) for estrogens in real water samples were in the range of 85.18-124.17% (RSD 0.30-10.71%).

Abstract: Refinery and chemical enterprises in China are mostly of high energy consumption and high pollution enterprises, so that greenhouse gases, SO2, NOX, NH3-N, and COD have great emission reduction potential. At the present stage, refinery enterprises emission reduction potential just for a pollutant is not comprehensive enough. Based on the above-mentioned five pollutants of refinery and chemical enterprises, the pollution reduction potential model are established by using linear programming method, which can provide decision support of emission reduction for refinery and chemical enterprises during the "12th Five Year Plan". The comprehensive index evaluation method not only can be used to clean production evaluation about evaluation of the environmental impact of large-scale integrated refinery project, also can be used to clean production audit of existing projects and enterprises to implement cleaner production performance evaluation.

Abstract: The red tide of Chattonella marina (Subrahmanyan) Hara & Chihara occurred in Rushan coast, Shandong Peninsula, China, in August 2008. Based on the four cruises of routine monitoring and four cruises of monitoring of the red tide in Rushan, the process of the red tide and possible mechanism were analyzed. During the bloom, the maximum area of the red tide was about 100 km2; the maximum average cell abundance of C. marina reached 1.46×106 cells/L; surface water temper-ature ranged between 26.1 °C and 27.2 °C, and salinity between 26.6 ‰ and 30.3 ‰. The material released from the decayed green tide species Ulva prolifera could provide a chance for the bloom of C. marina, combined the optimum sea temperature, light and nutrient condition. It was the first time to link a red tide event with the consequence of the green tide in Yellow Sea, which could give an attention on our future monitoring and management.

Abstract: In this paper, the ridge regression (RR) method was employed to establish the quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) model for predicting toxicity with 15 polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their 27 kinds of quantum descriptors. Quantum descriptors used to establish the QSAR model were filtrated out based on correlation analysis and variables importance of project (VIP) supported by partial least squares (PLS). The multicollinearity among the descriptors was removed during the calculation of RR method in order to ensure the validation of the final regression equation. The research showed that descriptors of Δα, αxx, αxy, αxz, αyz, βxxy and βyyy had significant effect on toxicity. The model with the simulation efficiency coefficient of 0.916 could be used to predict the toxicity of the unchecked PBDEs and as a preliminary analysis for environmental risk of organic compounds.

Abstract: In this article, we take photobacterium phosphoreum (T3) as indication organism, test the joint toxicity of 8 heavy metal compounds (Cu(NO3)2•3H2O, Cd(NO3)2•4H2O, Zn(NO3)2•6H2O, Pb(NO3)2, Cr(NO3)3•9H2O, Ni(NO3)2•6H2O, Co(NO3)2•6H2O, and Sr(NO3)2) with fixed ratio design method (the first two mixed systems designed using equivalent-effect concentration ratio: EC30s and EC50s, and the third one using equivalent-molar concentration ratio which the highest concentration was 0.02mmol/L lower than EC99 of each single heavy metal toxicity). The joint toxicity of the three mixed systems was assessed by Additive Index (AI). The results showed the first two mixed systems were antagonistic action and the third one was synergistic action.

Abstract: A quasi two-dimensional model was developed to calculate depth-averaged velocity and bed shear stress in a straight compound channel with one-line emergent vegetated at the floodplain edge. Reduction in volume of water due to vegetation is modelled as porosity. Drag force due to vegetation is modelled as an additional momentum source term in the Navier-Stokes equation. Estimation methods for model parameters—friction factor, roughness height due to drag force, porosity, eddy viscosity and advection term-are discussed. The predictive capability of the model is assessed against experimental data with regard to distributions of depth-averaged velocity and boundary shear stress. The results show that the quasi 2D model well reproduces a reasonable simulation of the flow field under relative water depths of 0.24 and 0.52.

Abstract: This paper corrected the existing optimization model of low-carbon urban agglomeration using interval fuzzy programming (IFP) method and several constraint conditions are revised according to the 12th Five Year Plan of the urban agglomeration. The case study shows that the carbon footprint of per unit GDP of urban agglomeration was decreased by [21.95, 57.32] (%) and energy intensity was reduced by [25.89, 50.81] (%) compared with those in 2010; meanwhile, the carbon footprint of per unit GDP and energy intensity in the core area was reduced by [18.90, 34.67] (%) and [22.36, 22.76] (%) respectively, compared with those in 2010. The optimized scheme complies with the requirements of the 12th Five-Year Planning Outline of Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emission and the regional planning targets. The corrected model also provided more decision-making space for the sustainable development of low-carbon urban agglomeration.

Abstract: As the rapid development of Chinese economy, the total energy consumption and pollutant emission increased increasingly, which lead to a terrible situation in energy safety and environmental pollution. In the meantime, the greenhouse gas (GHG) and pollutants (such as SO2, NOx and NH3-N) generated by energy consumption increased, and the above pollutions had brought a substantial negative impact on global climate change and low-carbon economy (LCE) development. This paper analyzed the situation of energy consumption in China, and revealed the significance of total energy consumption. Energy consumption control based on LCE theory was the effective protection measure of national resources and energy security, and could promote the economic development and adjustment of industrial structure, which was investigated from three aspects expressed as three allocation models in the article. The results indicated that, energy consumption control can promote development of LCE by protecting eco-environment and sustaining security of energy and resources, and supporting steady development of our society by minimizing the utilization of energy, and the above aspects would be the key points in control of total energy consumption and pollutant emission during the 12th Five-Year Planning in China.

Abstract: Introducing invasive species through ballast water is a specific pollution problem and has recently identified as one of the main concerns of Maritime Organizations. UV/(H2O2/O3) advanced oxidation process is a technological alternative to prevent this maritime pollution. In this present study, inactivation efficiency of the UV/(H2O2/O3) processes for ballast water treatment using Heterosigma akashiwo, Pyramimimonas sp. and Escherichia coli as indicator microorganisms was investigated. Compared with individual or combined two units processes using UV, H2O2 and O3, the UV/(H2O2+O3) process yield the highest levels of inactivation due to synergistic effects. In order to study the dynamic inactivation efficiency of equipment for stimulated ballast water treatment, the effects tests of the hydraulic residence time were conducted. The results indicated that the shorter hydraulic residence time had better inactivation efficiency. These findings have implications for the ballast water treatment.

Abstract: The effects of superficial gas velocity (Ug) on the dynamic characteristics parameters (electrical conductivity, local phase holdup and minimum fluidization velocity (Ugmf)) of CFB were examined by the conductivity probe method. Experimental results show effects of Ug on electrical conductivity, local phase holdups and Ugmf are rather obvious. In radial direction, the further to gas distribution board, with Ug increased bubble distribution was more uniform, radial distribution of electrical conductivity was more uniform. When Ug increases, electrical conductivity increases, distribution of it is uneven. From test hole 2 upward, electrical conductivity decreases in different axial direction. With the increase of Ug, local gas phase (g) also increases gradually, local solid phase (s) also increases gradually, and at different region, its amplitude is different. When value of Ug is small, fluidized bed belongs to the fixed bed, and with the increase of Ug, glass particles suspend slowly to fluidized state. Simultaneously, Ugmf is greatly affected by particle content and particle size.