Advanced Materials Research Vols. 807-809

Abstract: Mountain garbage pollution in the province's economic, safety, feasibility as the goal, make full use of the space advantage mountainous rural areas, labor advantage and grassroots organizational advantage, raised in rural garbage collection and disposal countermeasures and suggestions; GIS and multi-objective decision-making as the core technology designed particles and waste disposal lines, to optimize garbage collection and disposal in the region of space network, and propose specific support measures and policy recommendations.

Abstract: The characteristics of physical and chemical composition of municipal solid waste (MSW) of two different cities in Taiwan were examined. Population in Kaohsiung City way higher (12.2 folds) than Taitung County population, waste generation is also higher (13.08 folds) than in Taitung County. Nonetheless, there is no significant difference (8% difference) between Kaohsiung City and Taitung County for waste generation rate. It is found that food wastes account for the most proportion of the reusable waste of Kaohsiung City (36.88%) and Taitung County (6.43%), and moreover, the proportion of reusable waste of Taitung County is much less than that of Kaohsiung City. It is because Taitung County is an agricultural area, reusable waste can be reused by residents and not released to the garbage collection system. Furthermore, there was no significant difference of MSW composition between the Kaohsiung City and Taitung City (an administrative region of Taitung County). Paper, food wastes, and plastic accounted for a higher proportion. Food wastes were the major content in both cities because food wastes not included in the disposal system until ten years ago. These results show that organic waste such as food wastes remained significant, with room for more promotion as a resource recycling task.

Abstract: Industrialization combined with Urbanization makes city an industrial center as well as a core pollution source, which becomes the key for present pollution treatment. In this paper, the relationship between was cost of waste gas treatment and industrial scale for a city is investigated. By regression analysis, its found that pollution treatment technology is no obviously different in main cities of China so far, rough pollution treatment is still the main treatment way which will be more efficient when the pollution treatment volume reaches some scale.

Abstract: Fly ash, as an environmental pollutant, is generated in the process of coal combustion for energy conversion. It has been widely used in so many applications, such as, preparation of zeolite, extracting alumina, and so on. Iron composition has some side-effect on the purity and whiteness of the products prepared form fly ash. In this paper, removal of unburned carbon and iron composition was investigated. The results show that the carbon can be removed completely from fly ash after calcination under 800°C for 2h. Acid leaching was used to remove iron from the fly ash after decarburization. The optimum processing parameter is, hydrochloric acid concentration 5mol·L^-1, reaction temperature 80°C and reaction time 2h.

Abstract: This study aimed to find out the optimum pH range and a buffer feeding method for butyric acid production from rice straw by undefined mixed culture. A serial experiment was conducted at various pH levels from 5.0 to 7.0. The results showed that neutral pH improved rice straw conversion and hence carboxylic acid production. The highest butyric acid production was achieved at pH range of 6.0 to 6.5. Another serial experiment was performed at pH 6.0 to 6.5 buffered with CaCO₃, NaHCO₃, NH₄HCO₃ and their combinations, respectively. The results indicated that different buffers had different effects on product spectrum, and that CaCO₃ combined with NaHCO₃ was an effective buffer for butyric acid production. This study presents an alternative way for butyric acid production from lignocellulosic biomass without supplementary cellulolytic enzyme.

Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to discuss a composition and preparation method of TBP emulsion liquid membrane, and the conditions of treatment to uranium-containing wastewater. It could continuous countercurrent treatment for 10 L of wastewater.

Abstract: Radioactive waste disposal is one of the most sensitive environmental problems. As the arriving of decommissioning of early period nuclear facilities in China, large amounts of very low-level radioactive waste will be produced inevitably. The domestic and abroad definitions about very low-level radioactive waste and its disposal were introduced, and then siting principles of near surface disposal of very low-level radioactive waste were discussed. The near surface disposal sites’ natural barriers were analyzed from the crustal structure and the radionuclide adsorption characteristics of natural barriers. The near surface disposal sites’ engineering barriers were analyzed from the repository design and the repository barrier materials selection. Finally, the improving direction of very low-level radioactive waste disposal was proposed, which would promote the study of very low-level radioactive waste disposal in China.

Abstract: The paper summarizes comprehensive utilization of crop straw methods, analyzes the existing problems and puts forward the countermeasures and prospect.

Abstract: Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) wastewater contains high salinity (>10%) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) which results from organic by-products during production. It is usually necessary that the wastewater is pretreated before biochemical methods are employed. In this paper, distillation method was used to pretreat CMC wastewater and a kind of organic acid (Ethoxyacetic acid) was extracted. Effect of solution pH on the purity of ethoxyacetic acid was studied.

Abstract: Biological treatment of heavy crude oil production wastewater is well-established method for remediation of these wastes. We have developed effective biological treatments by (1) utilizing microbes with high oil-degrading abilities, (2) allowing greater organic loads while increasing both process stability and the resistance to shock loading, (3) minimizing the production of waste sludge byproducts, and (4) adopting anaerobic and aerobic biological processes to improve the biodegradation of the wastewater. Fixed-film bioreactors with 15h hydraulic retention times have decreased chemical oxygen demand by 74.8%, total suspended solids by 90.9%, oil by 80.6%, and phenols and sulfides by 100%. The results with an in situ pilot system show that the bioreactor's hydrolytic acidulation and contact oxidation tanks are suitable for treating oilfield wastewater, and that water quality after treatment fully meets national drainage standards.