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Sustainable Biochar Production from Palm Kernel Shell through Slow Pyrolysis: A Life Cycle Assessment of Its Application as an Eco-Friendly Fertilizer

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Abstract:

Palm Kernell Shell (PKS), a form of biomass waste can be transformed into higher-value products. In this study, PKS underwent pyrolysis process at various temperatures using a macro-thermogravimetry fixed-bed reactor. The research focuses on biochar production through slow pyrolysis and assesses the life cycle impact of biochar as a substitute for commercial fertilizer. The aim is to assess the effect of temperature variation on biochar properties and compare greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions between biochar-based and conventional fertilizers. The OpenLCA software was employed to conduct the life cycle assessment (LCA). The optimal temperature for biochar production through a slow pyrolysis process was identified as 450°C, yielding a carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio of 19.4. The study also investigated GHG emissions throughout the PKS lifecycle, involving oil palm cultivation, crude palm oil (CPO) milling, and biochar production through slow pyrolysis (cradle-to-gate). Substituting commercial NPK fertilizers with biochar in oil palm cultivation demonstrated significant reduction in GHG-related impacts, including global warming potential, acidification, eutrophication, and ecotoxicity by 3.6%, 20.7%, 10.7%, and 2.7% respectively.

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Engineering Chemistry Vol. 13 View Preview

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Periodical:

Engineering Chemistry (Volume 13)

Pages:

69-82

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4028/p-w2Q8JQ

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Cite this paper

Online since:

February 2026

Authors:

Andini Fikarda, Muhamad Rhadia Rahman, Yazid Bindar, Laksmi Dewi Kasmiarno*

Keywords:

Biochar, Greenhouse Gases, LCA, Palm Kernell Shell, Slow Pyrolysis

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* - Corresponding Author

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