Optimal Enhancement of Power Conversion Efficiency of Monolithic Perovskite Solar Cells by Effect of Methylammonium (MAI)

Abstract:

In the present work, the performance of monolithic perovskite solar cells (mPSCs) was evaluated with regard to the concentration of methylammonium iodide (MAI) perovskites. The five different perovskite layers were carried out using different ratios of MAI:PbI₂, labelled as A0, A1, A2, A3, and A4 accordingly, with corresponding ratios of 1:1, 1.1:1, 1.2:1, 1.3:1, and 1.4:1. In this study mPSCs with a sandwich type structure of glass/FTO/compact (c)-TiO₂/mesoporous (mp)-TiO₂/mesoporous (mp)-ZrO₂/carbon was fabricated for this purpose. The fabricated mPSCs films were fully characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectra and Filed emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The photovoltaic characteristics were measured under AM 1.5, It was found that power conversion efficiency (PCE) increased with the increasing the concentration of MAI:PbI₂ perovskites, from 1:1 to 1.1:1M. The maximum PCE of 17.68% was achieved mPSCs with MAI:PbI₂ (1.1:1) as compared to mPSCs with MAI:PbI₂ (1:1) PCE of 15.2%.

• Periodical: Journal of Nano Research (Volume 77)
• Pages: 135-143
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-9ci284
• Online since: March 2023
• Authors: Bhagavan Reddy Thokala, Devarapalli Nagendra Prasad*, Kumar Manoj
• Keywords: Characterization, Equivalent Ratio, MAI:PbI₂, Monolithic Perovskite Solar Cells, Power Conversion Efficiency

References

[1] A.Kojima, K.Teshima, Y.Shirai, T.Miyasaka, Organometal Halide Perovskites as Visible-Light Sensitizers for Photovoltaic Cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, (2009) 6050–6051.

DOI: 10.1021/ja809598r

[2] H.S. Kim, C.R. Lee, J.H.Im, K.B. Lee, T.Moehl, A. Marchioro, S.J. Moon, R. Humphry-Baker, J.H. Yum, J. Moser,et al. Lead Iodide Perovskite Sensitized All-Solid-State Submicron Thin Film Mesoscopic Solar Cell with Efficiency Exceeding 9%. Sci. Rep. 2. (2012), 591.

DOI: 10.1038/srep00591

[3] M.M. Lee, J.Teuscher,T. Miyasaka, T.N. Murakami, H.J. Efficient Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Meso-Super structured Organometal Halide Perovskites. Science. 338, (2012), 643–647.

DOI: 10.1126/science.1228604

[4] M.Liu, M.B. Johnston, H.J. Snaith, Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition. Nat. Cell Biol. 501,(2013), 395–398.

DOI: 10.1038/nature12509

[5] H.Zhou, Q.Chen, G. Li, S. Luo, T.B. Song, H.S. Duan, Z. Hong, J. You, Y. Liu, Interface engineering of highly efficient perovskite solar cells. Science. 345, (2014), 542–546.

DOI: 10.1126/science.1254050

[6] M.A, Green E.D. Dunlop, J. Hohl-Ebinger, M. Yoshita, N. Kopidakis,A. Ho-Baillie, Solar cell efficiency tables (Version 55). Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 28, (2019), 3–15.

DOI: 10.1002/pip.3228

[7] J.M,Ball, M.M. Lee, A. Hey, H.J. Snaith, Low-temperature processed meso-superstructured to thin-film perovskite solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 6, (2013), 1739–1743.

DOI: 10.1039/c3ee40810h

[8] K.C. Wang, J.Y. Jeng, P.S. Shen, Y.C. Chang, E.W. G. Diau, C.H..; Tsai, T.Y. Chao, H.C. Hsu, P.Y. Lin, P. Chen, et al. p-type Mesoscopic Nickel Oxide/Organometallic Perovskite Heterojunction Solar Cells. Sci. Rep. 4, (2015), 4756.

DOI: 10.1038/srep04756

[9] K.T. Cho, S. Paek, G. Grancini, C. Roldán-Carmona, P. Gao, Y. Lee, Nazeeruddin, M.K. Highly efficient perovskite solar cells with a compositionally engineered perovskite/hole transporting material interface. Energy Environ. Sci. 10, (2017), 621–627.

DOI: 10.1039/c6ee03182j

[10] M.Saliba, J.P. Correa-Baena, C.M. Wolff, M. Stolterfoht, N. Phung, S. Albrecht, D. Neher, A. Abate, How to Make over 20% Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells in Regular (n–i–p) and Inverted (p–i–n) Architectures. Chem. Mater. 30, (2018), 4193–4201.

DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b00136

[11] F. Wang, Y. Cao, C. Chen, Q. Chen, X. Wu, X. Li, T. Qin, W. Huang, Materials toward the Upscaling of Perovskite Solar Cells: Progress, Challenges, and Strategies. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28, (2018), 803753.

DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201803753

[12] Y. Rong, Z. Ku, A. Mei, T. Liu,M. Xu, S. Ko, X. Li, H. Han, Hole-Conductor-Free Mesoscopic TiO2/CH3NH3PbI3 Heterojunction Solar Cells Based on Anatase Nanosheets and Carbon Counter Electrodes. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5, (2014), 2160–2164.

DOI: 10.1021/jz500833z

[13] D. Liu, J. Yang, T.L. Kelly, Compact Layer Free Perovskite Solar Cells with 13.5% Efficiency. J. Am. Chem. Soc.136, (2014), 17116–17122.

DOI: 10.1021/ja508758k

[14] Z. Ku, Y. Rong, M. Xu, T. Liu, H. Han, Full Printable Processed Mesoscopic CH3NH3PbI3/TiO2 Heterojunction Solar Cells with Carbon Counter Electrode. Sci. Rep. 3, (2013), 3132.

DOI: 10.1038/srep03132

[15] N. G. Park, et al., Towards stable and commercially available perovskite solar cells, Nature Energy. 1 (11) (2016) 16152.

[16] M.A. Green, et al., Solar cell efficiency tables (version 50), Prog. Photovoltaics Res.Appl. 25 (7) (2017) 668–676.

[17] M. Lv , J. Zhu, Y. Huang, Y. Li, Z. Shao , Y. Xu et al, , Colloidal CuInS2 Quantum Dots as Inorganic Hole-Transporting Material in Perovskite Solar Cells, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces .7, (2015) 17482.

DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b05104

[18] J Zhang and T. Pauporté, Effects of Oxide Contact Layer on the Preparation and Properties of CH3NH3PbI3 for Perovskite Solar Cell Application, J. Phys. Chem. C. 119, (2015) 14919.

DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b02984

[19] D. Liu, M.K, Gangishetty and T.L. Kelly , Effect of CH3NH3PbI3 thickness on device efficiency in planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2 (2014), 19873.

DOI: 10.1039/c4ta02637c

[20] G.S. Han, H.S. Chung, B.J. Kim, D.H. Kim, J.W. Lee, B.S. Swain et al , Retarding charge recombination in perovskite solar cells using ultrathin MgO-coated TiO2 nanoparticulate films, J. Mater. Chem. A. 3, (2015) 9160.

DOI: 10.1039/c4ta03684k

[21] Y.Zhao, J.Liu , X. Lu, Y. Gao, X. You and X. Xu, Improving the efficiency of perovskite solar cells through optimization of the CH3NH3PbI3 film growth in solution process method ,Appl. Surf. Sci. (2015) 359 560.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.10.132

[22] E.Guillén, F.J. Ramos, J.A. Anta and S.Ahmad, Elucidating transport-recombination mechanisms in perovskite solar cells by small-perturbation techniques, J. Phys. Chem. C.18, (2014) 22913.

DOI: 10.1021/jp5069076

[23] Q.Wu, C. Xue, Y. Li, P. Zhou, W. Liu, J. Zhu et al, Kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 as a Low-Cost Inorganic Hole-Transporting Material for High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces .7, (2015) 28466.

DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b09572

[24] G.S. Han Y.H. Song, Y.U. Jin, J.W. Lee N.G. Park, B.K. Kang et al, Reduced Graphene Oxide/Mesoporous TiO2 Nanocomposite Based Perovskite Solar Cells, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 7,(2015) 23521.

DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06171

[25] Y. Luo, F. Meng, E. Zhao, Y.Z. Zheng, Y. Zhouand X. Tao, Fine control of perovskite-layered morphology and composition via sequential deposition crystallization process towards improved perovskite solar cells,J. Power Sources, 311, (2016) 130.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.01.102

[26] N. Adhikari, A. Dubey, E.A. Gaml, B. Vaagensmith , K.M. Reza, S.A.A. Mabrouk et al Crystallization of a perovskite film for higher performance solar cells by controlling water concentration in methyl ammonium iodide precursor solution, Nanoscale. 8, (2016) 2693.

DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06687e

[27] H.S. Ko, J.W. Lee , N.G. Park, H.S. Kim, C.R. Lee, J.H. et al, 15.76% efficiency perovskite solar cells prepared under high relative humidity: importance of PbI2 morphology in two-step deposition of CH3NH3PbI3. J. Mater. Chem. A. 3. (2015) 8808.

DOI: 10.1039/c5ta00658a

[28] Y.Li, Y. Zhao, Q.Chen, Y. Yang, Y. Liu , Z. Hong et al, Multifunctional fullerene derivative for interface engineering in perovskite solar cells, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137, (2015) 15540.

DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10614

[29] J. Li, J. Yao, H. Xia, W. Sun, J. Liu and L. Peng, Transparent conducting oxide free backside illuminated perovskite solar cells,Appl. Phys. Lett.107, (2015) 013901.

DOI: 10.1063/1.4926363

[30] Z.Liu , T. Shi , Z. Tang , B.Sun and G. Liao , Using a low-temperature carbon electrode for preparing hole-conductor-free perovskite heterojunction solar cells under high relative humidity, Nanoscale. 8, (2016) 7017.

DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07091k

[31] Q. Luo, Y. Zhang, C.Liu, J.Li, N.Wangand H. Lin, Iodide-reduced graphene oxide with dopant-free spiro-OMeTAD for ambient stable and high-efficiency perovskite solar cells, J. Mater. Chem. A. (2015)

DOI: 10.1039/c5ta02710a

[32] Y. Xu, L. Zhu, J. Shi, S. Lv , X. Xu , J. Xiao et al, Efficient Hybrid Mesoscopic Solar Cells with Morphology-Controlled CH3NH3PbI3-xClx Derived from Two-Step Spin Coating Method, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces.7, (2015) 2242.

DOI: 10.1021/am5057807

[33] Zhu L, Xiao J, Shi J, Wang J, Lv S, Xu Y et al, Efficient CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells with 2TPA-n-DP hole-transporting layers, 2014 Nano Res. 8 1116.

DOI: 10.1007/s12274-014-0592-y

[34] J.P. Mailoa, C.D. Bailie, E.C. Johlin , E.T. Hoke, A.J. Akey , Nguyen WHet al A 2-terminal perovskite/silicon multijunction solar cell enabled by a silicon tunnel junction, Appl. Phys. Lett. 106, (2015) 121105.

DOI: 10.1063/1.4914179

[35] P.Qin, S. Tanaka, S. Ito, N. etreault, K. Manabe, H. Nishino et al, Inorganic hole conductor-based lead halide perovskite solar cells with 12.4% conversion efficiency, Nat. Commun. 5,(2014) 1.

DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4834

[36] M. Salado, J. Idígoras, L. Calio, S. Kazim, M.K. Nazeeruddin J.A. Anta et al. Interface play between perovskite and hole selective layer on the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8, (2016) 34414.

DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12236

[37] Z. Yao, W. Wang, H. Shen, Y. Zhang, Q. Luo , X. Yin et al, CH3NH3PbI3 grain growth and interfacial properties in meso-structured perovskite solar cells fabricated by two-step deposition, Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 18, (2017) 253.

DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2017.1298974