Development of a Realistic Brain Phantom for Medical Education: An Ethical and Technical Alternative to Animal Testing

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Abstract:

The use of animals in medical education continues to be the subject of ethical debate and is increasingly being questioned. This view is reflected, among other details, in the “Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council”, which stipulates the minimisation of animal testing on the basis of the so-called 3R principles (replacement, reduction, refinement) .

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67-72

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January 2026

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The publication of this article was funded by the Technische Hochschule Wildau

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