High Voltage Electrophoretic Deposition of Aligned Nanoforests for Scalable Nanomanufacturing of Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices

Abstract:

High voltage electrophoretic deposition (HVEPD) has been used to obtain forests of aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on long strips of flexible, conductive substrates. Successful design and integration of a continuous HVEPD setup has enabled scalable fabrication of electrodes for electrochemical energy storage. The mechanism of continuous HVEPD has been investigated to ensure appropriate alignment. Well-aligned forests of MWCNTs were obtained using a conductive holding layer which helped reduce internal resistance and enhance the electrochemical performance of the electrodes.

• Periodical: Key Engineering Materials (Volume 507)
• Pages: 67-72
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.507.67
• Online since: March 2012
• Authors: Sunand Santhanagopalan, Anirudh Balram, Evan Lucas, Franco Marcano, Dennis De Sheng Meng
• Keywords: Aligned Carbon Nanotubes, Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices, Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD), Scalable Nanomanufacturing

References

[1] J. Liu, G. Cao, Z. Yang, D. Wang, D. Dubois, X. Z. G. L. Graff, L. R. Pederson, and J. -G. Zhang, Oriented Nanostructures for Energy Conversion and Storage, ChemSusChem, vol. 1, pp.676-697, (2008).

DOI: 10.1002/cssc.200800087

[2] L. Dai, A. Patil, X. Gong, Z. Guo, L. Liu, Y. Liu, and D. Zhu, Aligned Nanotubes, ChemPhysChem, vol. 4, pp.1150-1169, (2003).

DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200300770

[3] A. V. Melechko, V. I. Merkulov, T. E. McKnight, M. A. Guillorn, K. L. Klein, D. H. Lowndes, and M. L. Simpson, Vertically aligned carbon nanofibers and related structures: Controlled synthesis and directed assembly, J. Appl. Phys., vol. 97, pp.041301-39, (2005).

DOI: 10.1063/1.1857591

[4] H. Zhang, G. Cao, Y. Yang, and Z. Gu, Comparison Between Electrochemical Properties of Aligned Carbon Nanotube Array and Entangled Carbon Nanotube Electrodes, J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 155, pp. K19-K22, (2008).

DOI: 10.1149/1.2811864

[5] S. Santhanagopalan, F. Teng, and D. D. Meng, High-Voltage Electrophoretic Deposition for Vertically Aligned Forests of One-Dimensional Nanoparticles, Langmuir, vol. 27, pp.561-569, 2011/01/18 (2010).

DOI: 10.1021/la103587b

[6] D. N. Futaba, K. Hata, T. Yamada, T. Hiraoka, Y. Hayamizu, Y. Kakudate, O. Tanaike, H. Hatori, M. Yumura, and S. Iijima, Shape-engineerable and highly densely packed single-walled carbon nanotubes and their application as super-capacitor electrodes, Nat. Mater., vol. 5, pp.987-994, (2006).

DOI: 10.1038/nmat1782

[7] W. Z. Li, S. S. Xie, L. X. Qian, B. H. Chang, B. S. Zou, W. Y. Zhou, R. A. Zhao, and G. Wang, Large-Scale Synthesis of Aligned Carbon Nanotubes, Science, vol. 274, pp.1701-1703, December 6, 1996 (1996).

DOI: 10.1126/science.274.5293.1701

[8] Z. F. Ren, Z. P. Huang, J. W. Xu, J. H. Wang, P. Bush, M. P. Siegal, and P. N. Provencio, Synthesis of Large Arrays of Well-Aligned Carbon Nanotubes on Glass, Science, vol. 282, pp.1105-1107, November 6, 1998 (1998).

DOI: 10.1126/science.282.5391.1105

[9] V. Bajpai, L. Dai, and T. Ohashi, Large-Scale Synthesis of Perpendicularly Aligned Helical Carbon Nanotubes, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 126, pp.5070-5071, 2004/04/01 (2004).

DOI: 10.1021/ja031738u

[10] G. D. Nessim, M. Seita, K. P. O'Brien, A. J. Hart, R. K. Bonaparte, R. R. Mitchell, and C. V. Thompson, Low Temperature Synthesis of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes with Electrical Contact to Metallic Substrates Enabled by Thermal Decomposition of the Carbon Feedstock, Nano Lett., vol. 9, pp.3398-3405, (2009).

DOI: 10.1021/nl900675d

[11] Z. Liu, Z. Shen, T. Zhu, S. Hou, L. Ying, Z. Shi, and Z. Gu, Organizing Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Gold Using a Wet Chemical Self-Assembling Technique, Langmuir, vol. 16, pp.3569-3573, (2000).

DOI: 10.1021/la9914110

[12] S. C. Youn, D. -H. Jung, Y. K. Ko, Y. W. Jin, J. M. Kim, and H. -T. Jung, Vertical Alignment of Carbon Nanotubes Using the Magneto-Evaporation Method, J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 131, pp.742-748, (2008).

DOI: 10.1021/ja8073209

[13] Y. -T. Liu, X. -M. Xie, Y. -F. Gao, Q. -P. Feng, L. -R. Guo, X. -H. Wang, and X. -Y. Ye, Polymer-assisted assembly of carbon nanotubes via a template-based method, Carbon, vol. 44, pp.599-602, (2006).

DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2005.09.033

[14] L. Besra and M. Liu, A review on fundamentals and applications of electrophoretic deposition (EPD), Progress in Materials Science, vol. 52, pp.1-61, (2007).

DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2006.07.001

[15] A. R. Boccaccini, J. Cho, J. A. Roether, B. J. C. Thomas, E. Jane Minay, and M. S. P. Shaffer, Electrophoretic deposition of carbon nanotubes, Carbon, vol. 44, pp.3149-3160, (2006).

DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2006.06.021

[16] P. Sarkar and P. S. Nicholson, Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD): Mechanisms, Kinetics, and Application to Ceramics, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol. 79, pp.1987-2002, (1996).

DOI: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1996.tb08929.x

[17] P. V. Kamat, K. G. Thomas, S. Barazzouk, G. Girishkumar, K. Vinodgopal, and D. Meisel, Self-Assembled Linear Bundles of Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes and Their Alignment and Deposition as a Film in a dc Field, J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 126, pp.10757-10762, (2004).

DOI: 10.1021/ja0479888

[18] S. P. Han and S. -M. Yang, Orientation Distribution and Electrophoretic Motions of Rod-like Particles in a Capillary, J. Colloid Interface Sci., vol. 177, pp.132-142, (1996).

DOI: 10.1006/jcis.1996.0013

[19] J. Cho, K. Konopka, K. Rozniatowski, E. García-Lecina, M. S. P. Shaffer, and A. R. Boccaccini, Characterisation of carbon nanotube films deposited by electrophoretic deposition, Carbon, vol. 47, pp.58-67, (2009).

DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2008.08.028

[20] C. Kleinstreuer, Modern fluid dynamics: basic theory and selected applications in macro- and micro-fluidics vol. 87: Springer (2010).

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8670-0