Paper Titles
Preface
Tailored Temperature Gradients in Hybrid Components: Influence of Variable Process Parameters under Cold and Preheated Conditions
p.1
Microstructure Modification of Hot Formed Shafts through Customised Spray Cooling from the Forming Heat
p.13
Characterisation of the Flow Behaviour of Powder Metallurgical Semi-Finished Products for Lubricant-Impregnated Cold Forming Concepts
p.25
A Novel Modified SLAB Method Approach for Efficient Energy Assessment in Ring Rolling Showing Fishtail Effect
p.35
Fine-Blanking Punch Edge Control by Chamfering and Plasma-Nitriding under Excessive Load Situation
p.45
Fast Inverse Identification of the Coefficient of Friction in Cold Strip Rolling Using a Physics-Informed Neural Network
p.55
A Qualitative Study of the Contact Pressure Distribution in Cold Rolling
p.69
Extension of the Lemaitre Damage Model to Account for Static and Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior
p.81

Microstructure Modification of Hot Formed Shafts through Customised Spray Cooling from the Forming Heat

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Abstract:

In order to achieve a long service life for highly stressed parts such as shafts for drivetrains, a combination of a bainitic microstructure with compressive surface residual stresses is beneficial. While a bainitic microstructure offers a good balance between strength and toughness, compressive residual stresses especially near the surface have a positive impact on service life. Research has shown that this is due to a shift of the crack initiation towards the core and a reduced crack growth . These properties can be achieved by hot forming as an established method for manufacturing highly stressed parts followed by an adapted cooling strategy. As this general approach was demonstrated for a simplified process in a prior study , the present article is dedicated to the functionalisation for hot forming processes. In detail, a customised spray cooling is presented for a hot impact extrusion process whereby shafts made of AISI 4140 are cooled down from the forming heat in a single step with adjusted cooling rates. In a finite element-based process design, different cooling strategies were investigated and adequate heat treatments to achieve the combined properties were identified. Following this process design, shafts are formed via hot impact extrusion and spray cooled according to the cooling strategy for experimental validation of the numerical model. Additionally, shafts with air cooling are produced as a reference. During forming, force-displacement curves are measured, which are used for the validation of the numerical hot impact extrusion simulation. The resulting plastic strain and temperature distribution significantly influence the following cooling simulation. The final microstructure as well as hardness values of the produced shafts are determined and compared for the varying cooling strategies.

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Periodical:

Materials Science Forum (Volume 1183)

Pages:

13-23

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4028/p-LDA6yf

Citation:

Cite this paper

Online since:

April 2026

Authors:

Matthias Hammes*, Armin Piwek, Norman Mohnfeld, Julius Peddinghaus, Johanna Uhe, Bernd Arno Behrens

Keywords:

Finite Element Method, Heat Treatment, Hot Forming, Residual Stress

Funder:

The publication of this article was funded by the Leibniz Universität Hannover (LUH) / Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)

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* - Corresponding Author

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