Materials Science Forum Vols. 571-572

Abstract: The modification of the Transformed Model Fitting /TMF/ [1] method developed for evaluation of the single-line profiles from high-resolution neutron powder diffractometers is proposed [2]. More sophisticated real-space model [3] is used for the distortion and crystallite size broadening of the diffraction lines. The new PC program based on this model has been tested on neutron diffraction profiles collected in situ upon tensile deformation tests of the plain ferritic steel. The deformation test was performed in the incremental mode in which each individual deformation step was followed by unloading. The neutron diffraction spectra were collected both upon loading and unloading and behavior of the diffraction profiles in elastic as well as in plastic region of the deformation curve was examined in detail. Comparison of microstress values in loaded/unloaded state and in elastic and plastic region offers interesting possibility to separate the contribution of the type II and type III microstresses.

Abstract: In residual stress analysis (RSA) using energy dispersive (ED) diffraction care has to be taken of the detector energy stability. For a given detector system it is demonstrated that the energy position decreases significantly with dead time. Correction of the RSA data both in reflection and scanning experiments allows a significant improvement in the reliability of RSA under different conditions. Owing the small diffraction angles in ED experiments, the effect of adjustment errors in reflection geometry is investigated revealing the need of a wide incoming beam combined with high collimation of the secondary beam. The differences in the used absorber materials are shown in respect of sample heating and beam widening due to diffuse scattering.

Abstract: The deformation behavior of the magnesium base alloy AZ31 was studied by means of energy dispersive diffraction using high energy synchrotron radiation. The investigations were performed at the EDDI-beamline operated by the Hahn-Meitner-Institute at Bessy II, Berlin. In-situ stress analyses were carried out for samples subjected to purely elastic as well as elasto-plastic 4- point-bending. In addition reversely loaded states were investigated. The results impressively illustrate the potential of the energy dispersive diffraction analysis processed in transmission mode for residual stress analysis of challenging material states. Inhomogeneous loading and residual stress distributions with respect to the bending height of the prestressed bars were determined for the highly textured material state indicating different predominant deformation mechanisms during tensile loading and compressive loading, respectively. After load inversion also the predominant deformation mechanisms reverse.

Abstract: At the HARWI II beamline at the GKSS outstation at DESY a new experiment for position sensitive diffractometry and tomography called DITO was built and commissioned this year. Due to the available high energy synchrotron radiation with photon energies up to 100 keV it is possible to investigate the bulk of metallic samples of a few mm thickness with both methods. The diffractometry detector allows the investigation of the phase composition as well as phase sensitive determination of residual stresses with a spatial resolution of 6 μm while the tomography detector can either measure a whole tomogram in high resolution mode with a spatial resolution of 2 μm within 3 to 4 hours or in high speed mode recording a whole tomogram within 15 seconds with a spatial resolution of 40 μm.

Abstract: In this paper the authors describe a technique based on synchrotron x-ray diffraction which has been used to produce full 3D grain maps (both grain shapes and orientations) in annealed aluminium alloy and stainless steel samples containing around 500 grains. The procedure is termed diffraction contrast tomography (DCT), reflecting its similarities with conventional absorption contrast tomography. It is an extension of the 3D X-ray diffraction microscopy (3DXRD) concept, and has been developed in collaboration with its inventors. The specimen is illuminated using a monochromatic synchrotron x-ray beam, and grains imaged using the extinction contrast that appears in the transmitted beam when grains are aligned in the diffraction condition during rotation of the sample. The beams of radiation diffracted by the grains are captured simultaneously on the same detector as the direct beam image. The combination of diffraction and extinction information aids the grain indexing operation, in which pairs of diffraction and extinction images are assigned to grain sets. 3D grain shapes are determined by algebraic reconstruction from the limited number of extinction projections, while crystallographic orientation is found from the diffraction geometry. The non-destructive nature of the technique allows for in-situ studies of mapped samples. Research is in progress to extend the technique to allow the determination of the elastic strain and stress tensors on a grain-by-grain basis.

Abstract: The sin2ψ technique for near-surface and bulk stress evaluation is frequently considered to be the method of reference, largely due to the historical reason of being established early on in the development of experimental study of residual stress, and due to the widespread availability of laboratory X-ray facilities equipped with goniometers allowing ψ-tilting to be carried out. In recent years other diffraction-based techniques of residual strain and residual stress evaluation have been developed, some of them based at large facilities such as synchrotrons, neutron reactors or spallation sources, and others becoming available in the laboratory setting. It is therefore perhaps relevant and timely to review the strengths and shortcomings of the sin2ψ technique in today’s context. In the present study this task is addressed through the use of polycrystal elasto-plastic modelling that allows the determination of equivalent average elastic lattice strains following complex deformation history, and by post-processing of the model results in order to extract the parameters measurable in diffraction experiments. In particular, it is possible to extract the simulated strain values that would be measured at different tilt angles, and to build a family of sin2ψ plots for different reflections. It then becomes possible to assess the degree to which the hypotheses underpinning the principle of this method are enforced or violated; to select the most suitable reflections; and to discuss how the method could be improved or varied to provide more reliable residual stress measurement procedures.

Abstract: A method is presented by which all components of Fij(ϕ, ψ, hkl) belonging to the same measurement direction and reflection can be determined. The neutron measurements are to be done with a single specimen, shaped as a cuboctahedron. An apparatus for producing a compressive stress state in the specimen is needed. It must be small enough to fit into the neutron goniometer and to allow movement of the goniometer to all Eulerian angles. Using this set-up the tensors F(ϕ, ψ, hkl) can be measured for any ϕ, ψ and (hkl).

Abstract: The stored energy distribution versus crystal orientation in polycrystalline copper was determined using synchrotron radiation. This distribution is an important input data for recrystallization models. The stochastic vertex model of recrystallization was used in the present work. It is a mixture of the classical vertex model and the Monte Carlo algorithm. Both grain boundary energy and stored energy are taken into account in the calculations. In each elementary step, a reasonably small, random modification of a given vertex position is generated and a corresponding total energy change of a system is calculated. A new vertex position is retained with a probability proportional to the Boltzmann factor. In such a way one avoids solving a complex system of equations. This approach is also closer to the stochastic nature of recrystallization process. The inclusion of the stored energy distribution in the above model enables a good explanation of the recrystallization process. The recrystallization textures for polycrystalline copper rolled to low and high reductions were predicted in agreement with experimental results.

Abstract: Strain induced by friction welding of dissimilar materials was determined by an imaging diffraction technique using the Material X-ray diffraction Imaging (MAXIM) detector at HASYLAB G3. Applying the sin2Ψ method in ω mode, a stress profile perpendicular to the weld joint was derived. Results are discussed and compared with measurements of the same specimen made at the neutron source of the GKSS Research Centre.