The Behavior of Liquid Alloys Visualized by X-Rays

Abstract:

Developments in synchrotron and home laboratory X-ray sources and fast low noise X-ray imaging detectors over the last 15-20 years has enabled real time X-radiography of alloy solidification from the melt. These investigations have been an important tool for in–situ investigations of dendrite-, eutectic and monotectic growth, dendrite fragmentation etc. At the same time, the techniques have allowed studies of phenomena in the melt such as convection, formation of solute boundary layers and minority phase droplet interactions. The article will review the X-radiography techniques and some of the results with emphasis on studies of phenomena in alloy melts.

• Periodical: Materials Science Forum (Volume 884)
• Pages: 18-25
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.884.18
• Online since: January 2017
• Authors: Lars Arnberg*, Ragnvald H. Mathiesen
• Keywords: Alloys, Liquid Metal, Solidification, X-Radiography

References

[1] J. N. Koster, R. Derebail, A Grotzbach, Visualization of convective solidification in a vertical layer of eutectic Ga-In melt , Applied Physics A64 (1997) 45-54.

DOI: 10.1007/s003390050442

[2] P. A Curreri, W.F. Kaukler, Real-time X-ray transmission microscopy of solidifying Al-In alloys, Met. Trans. A 27 (1996) 801-808.

DOI: 10.1007/bf02648968

[3] R.H. Mathiesen, L. Arnberg, F. Mo, T. Weitkamp, A. Snigirev, Time resolved X- ray imaging of dendritic growth in binary alloys, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 (1999) 5062–5065.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.83.5062

[4] R.H. Mathiesen, L. Arnberg, K. Ramsøskar, T. Weitkamp, C. Rau, A. Snigirev, Time-resolved X-ray imaging of aluminum alloy solidification processes, Met. Mat Trans. B33 (2002), 613-623.

DOI: 10.1007/s11663-002-0041-2

[5] T. Schenk, H. Nguyen-Thi, J. Gastaldi, G. Reinhart, V. Cristiglio, N. Mangelinck-Noel, H. Klein, J. Hartwig, B. Grushko, B. Billia, J Baruchel, Application of synchrotron X-ray imaging to the study of directional solidification of aluminium-based alloys, J. Cryst. Growth 275 (2005).

DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2004.10.081

[6] R.H. Mathiesen, L. Arnberg, X-ray radiography observations of columnar dendritic growth and constitutional undercooling in an Al–30 wt%Cu alloy, Acta Mater. 53 (2005) 947–956.

DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2004.10.050

[7] H. Yasuda, I. Ohnaka, K. Kawasaki, A. Suglyama, T. Ohmichi, J. Iwane, K. Umetani, Direct observation of stray crystal formation in unidirectional solidification of Sn-Bi alloy by X-ray imaging, J. Cryst. Growth 262 (2004),  645-6526.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2003.09.052

[8] O. Ludwig, M. Di Michiel, L. Salvo, M. Suery, P. Falus, In-situ three-dimensional microstructural investigation of solidification of an Al-Cu alloy by ultrafast X-ray microtomography, Met. Mat. Trans. 36A (2005), 1515-1523.

DOI: 10.1007/s11661-005-0243-8

[9] N. Shevchenko, O. Roshchupkina, O. Sokolova, S. Eckert, The effect of natural and forced melt convection on dendritic solidification inGa–In alloys, J. Crystal Growth, 417 (2015) 1-8.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2014.11.043

[10] S. Karagadde, L. Yuan, N. Shevchenko, S. Eckert, P.D. Lee, 3-D microstructural model of freckle formation validated using in situ experiments, Acta Materialia, 79 (2014) 168-180.

DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2014.07.002

[11] A.G. Murphy, W.U. Mirihanage, D.J. Browne, R.H. Mathiesen, Equiaxed dendritic solidification and grain refiner potency characterised through in situ X-radiography, Acta Mat. 95, (2015), 83-89.

DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2015.04.060

[12] A.G. Murphy, D.J. Browne, W.U. Mirihanage, R.H. Mathiesen, Combined in situ X-ray radiographic observations and post-solidification metallographic characterisation of eutectic transformations in Al-Cu alloy systems, Acta Mat. 61 (2013).

DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2013.04.024

[13] T. Nagira, C.M. Gourlay, A. Sugiyama, M. Uesugi, Y. Kanzawa, M. Yoshiya, K. Uesugi, K. Umetani, H. Yasudaa Direct observation of deformation in semi-solid carbon steel Scripta Materialia 64 (2011) 1129–1132.

DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2011.03.009

[14] A. Tandjaoui, N. Mangelinck-Noel, G. Reinhart, B. Billia, T. Lafford, J. Baruchel, Investigation of grain boundary grooves at the solid-liquid interface during directional solidification of multi-crystalline silicon: in situ characterization by X-ray imaging, J Crystal Growth 377 (2013).

DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2013.05.023

[15] P. Delaleau, C. Beckermann, R.H. Mathiesen, L. Arnberg, Mesoscopic simulation of dendritic growth observed in X-ray video microscopy during directional solidification of Al-Cu alloy, ISIJ International, 50 (2010) 1886-1894.

DOI: 10.2355/isijinternational.50.1886

[16] D. Ruvalcaba, R.K. Mathiesen, R.H. Eskin, L. Arnberg, L. Katgerman, In situ observations of dendritic fragmentation due to local solute-enrichment during directional solidification of an aluminum alloy Acta Materialia, 55 (2007) 4287-4292.

DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2007.03.030

[17] W.F. Kaukler, F. Rosenberger, P. A. Cuerreri, In Situ Studies of Precipitate Formation in Al-Pb Monotectic Solidification by X-Ray Transmission Microscopy, Met. Trans. 28A (1997), 1705-1710.

DOI: 10.1007/s11661-997-0262-8

[18] P. L. Schaffer, R. H. Mathiesen, L. Arnberg, L2 Droplet Interaction with Al during solidification of hypermonotectic Al-8wt%Bi alloys, Acta Materialia, 57 (2009) 2887-2895.

DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2009.02.041

[19] P.L. Schaffer, R.H. Mathiesen, L. Arnberg, Liquid decomposition, droplet coagulation and droplet-interface interaction in hypermonotectic Al-Bi alloys, Trans Indian Inst. of Metals, 62 (2009) 437-442.

DOI: 10.1007/s12666-009-0083-0

[20] W, U Mirihanage, L. Arnberg, R. H Mathiesen, In-situ observation of transient columnar dendrite growth in the presence of thermo-solutal convection, Mat. Sci. Eng., 33 (2012).

DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/33/1/012033

[21] E. Liotti, A. Lui ,R. Vincent, S. Kumar, Z. Guo, T. Connolley, I.P. Dolbnya, M. Hart, L. Arnberg, R.H. Mathiesen, P.S. Grant, A synchrotron X-ray radiography study of dendrite fragmentation induced by a pulsed electromagnetic field in an Al–15 Cu alloy, Acta Mater. 70 (2014).

DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2014.02.024