Physical Phenomena Leading to Melting of Metals

Abstract:

Precursor phenomena of melting in pure metals and alloys have been investigated by means of Mechanical Spectroscopy (MS) and High Temperature X-ray Diffraction (HT-XRD). The examined materials were the pure metals In, Sn, Pb and Bi, and some alloys of the systems In-Sn and Pb-Bi with different compositions.MS tests have been carried out by means of a novel method developed by us that permits to operate in resonance conditions and employs hollow reeds of stainless steel containing the liquid metal. In all the metals a sharp drop of dynamic modulus and a Q^-1 maximum were observed in a temperature range ΔT before melting that depends on the specific metal and its structure. Such anelastic behaviour is consistent with an increase of the interstitialcies concentration as predicted by the Granato’s theory.Moreover, HT-XRD evidenced that sudden grain re-orientation, shift and broadening of diffraction peaks occur just before the formation of the first liquid, therefore self-interstitials and vacancies seem to play a synergic role in melting. The increase of self-interstitials over ΔT has the effect of weakening interatomic bonds that favours the successive vacancy avalanche leading to the collapse of crystal lattice (melting).

• Periodical: Materials Science Forum (Volume 884)
• Pages: 3-17
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.884.3
• Online since: January 2017
• Authors: Roberto Montanari, Alessandra Varone*
• Keywords: Damping, Dynamic Modulus, High Temperature X-Ray Diffraction, Precursor Phenomena of Melting, Self-Interstitials, Vacancy

References

[1] A.R. Ubbelohde, The Molten State of Matter-Melting and Crystal Structure, Wiley Intersciencepublication, New York, (1979).

[2] F. Lindemann, Uber die Berechnung molekularer Eigenfrequenzen, Phys. Z., 11 (1910) 609-612.

[3] M. Born, Thermodynamics of Crystals and Melting , J. of Chem. Phys., 7 (1939) 591-603.

[4] L. Hunter, S. Siegel, The Variation with Temperature of the Principal Elastic Moduli of NaCl near the Melting Point, Phys. Rev., 61 (1942) 84-95.

DOI: 10.1103/physrev.61.84

[5] J.L. Tallon, The volume dependence of elastic moduli and the Born-Durand melting hypothesis, Phil. Mag. A, 39 (1978) 151-161.

DOI: 10.1080/01418617908236889

[6] T. Gorecki, Vacancies and changes of physical properties of metals at the melting point, Z. Metall., 65 (1974) 426-431.

[7] D. Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf, Theory of melting, Phys. Rev., 140 (1965) A1599-A1610.

DOI: 10.1103/physrev.140.a1599

[8] T.A. Weber, F.H. Stillinger, Inherent structures and distribution functions for liquids that freeze into bcc crystals, J. of Chem. Phys., 81 (1984) 5089-5094.

DOI: 10.1063/1.447498

[9] A.V. Granato, Interstitialcy model for condensed matter states of face-centered-cubic metals, Phys. Rev. Lett., 68 (1992) 974-977.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.68.974

[10] Z.H. Jin, P. Gumbsch, K. Lu, E. Ma, Melting Mechanisms at the Limit of Superheating, Phys. Rev. Lett., 87 (2001) 55703-1/55703-4.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.055703

[11] L. Gomez, A. Dobry, H.T. Diep, Monte Carlo simulation of the role of defects as a melting mechanism, Phys. Rev. B, 63 (2001) 224103-1/224103-6.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.63.224103

[12] L. Gomez, A. Dobry, Ch. Geuting H.T. Diep, L. Burakovsky, Dislocation Lines as the Precursor of the Melting of Crystalline Solids Observed in Monte Carlo Simulations, Phys. Rev. Lett., 90 (2003) 95701-1/ 95701-4.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.095701

[13] J.F. Lutsko, D. Wolf, S.R. Phillipot, S. Yip, Molecular-dynamics study of lattice-defect-nucleated melting in metals using an embedded-atom-method potential, Phys. Rev. B, 40 (1989) 2841-2855.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.40.2841

[14] T. Sinno, Z.K. Jiang, R.A. Brown, Atomistic Simulation of High-Temperature Point Defect Properties in Crystalline Silicon , Applied Physics Letters, 68 (1996) 3028-3031.

DOI: 10.1063/1.115566

[15] Z.G. Zhu, F.Q. Zu, L.J. Guo, B. Zhang, Internal friction method: suitable also for structural changes of liquids, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 370 (2004) 427-430.

DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2003.07.021

[16] P. Deodati, F. Gauzzi, R. Montanari, A. Varone, Structural Changes of Liquid Pb-Bi Eutectic Alloy, Mater. Sci. Forum, 706-709 (2012) 878-883.

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.878

[17] R. Montanari, A. Varone, Mechanical Spectroscopy Investigation of Liquid Pb-Bi Alloys, Solid State Phenomena, 184 (2012) 434-439.

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.184.434

[18] R. MONTANARI, A. VARONE, SYNERGIC ROLE OF SELF-INTERSTITIALS AND VACANCIES IN INDIUM MELTING, METALS 5 (2015) 1061-1072; WWW. MDPI. COM/JOURNAL/METALS.

DOI: 10.3390/met5021061

[19] S. Amadori, E.G. Campari, A.L. Fiorini, R. Montanari, L. Pasquini, L. Savini, E. Bonetti, Automated resonant vibrating reed analyzer apparatus for a non destructive characterization of materials for industrial applications, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 442 (2006).

DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2006.02.210

[20] R. Montanari, G. Costanza, M.E. Tata, C. Testani, Lattice expansion of Ti-6Al-4V by nitrogen and oxygen absorption, Materials Characterization, 59 (2008) 334-337.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2006.12.014

[21] B.D. Cullity, Elements of X-ray Diffraction, 2nd Edition, Addison & Wesley Publishing Company Inc., Reading (USA), (1978) p.356.

[22] C.A. Gordon, A.V. Granato, Equilibrium concentration of interstitials in aluminium just below the melting temperature, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 370 (2004) 83-87.

DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2003.08.077

[23] R.W. Siegel, Vacancy concentrations in metals , J. Nucl. Mater., 69-70 (1978) 117-146.

[24] A. Kanigel, J. Adler, E. Polturak, Influence of point defects on the shear elastic coefficients and on the melting temperature of copper, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C, 12 (2001) 727-737.

DOI: 10.1142/s0129183101001900

[25] K. Nordlund, R.S. Averback, Role of Self-Interstitial Atoms on the High Temperature Properties of Metals, Phys. Rev. Lett., 80 (1998) 4201-4204.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.80.4201

[26] M. Forsblom, G. Grimvall, How superheated crystals melt, Nature Mater., 4 (2005) 388-390.

DOI: 10.1038/nmat1375

[27] C.A. Gordon, A.V. Granato, Equilibrium concentration of interstitials in aluminum just below the melting temperature, Mat. Sci. Eng. A, 370 (2004) 83-87.

DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2003.08.077

[28] K.H. Robrock, W. Schilling, Diaelastic modulus change of aluminium after low-temperature electron-irradiation , J. Phys. F-Metal Phys., 6 (1976) 303-314.

DOI: 10.1088/0305-4608/6/3/007

[29] S.V. Nemilov, Interrelation between shear modulus and the molecular parameters of viscous flow for glass forming liquids, J. Non-Cryst Solids, 352 (2006) 2715-2725.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2006.04.001

[30] G. Knuyt, L. De Schepper, L.M. Stals, Calculation of some metallic glass properties, based on the use of a Gaussian distribution for the nearest-neighbour distance, Phil. Mag. B, 61 (1990) 965-988.

DOI: 10.1080/13642819008207856

[31] J. Graham, A. Moore, G.V. Raynor, The effect of temperature on the lattice spacings of indium, J. Inst. of Metals, 84 (1955) 86-87.

[32] J.E. Dickman, R.N. Jeffrey, D.R. Gustafson, Vacancy formation volume in indium from positron-annihilation measurements, Phys. Rev. B, 16 (1977) 3334-3337.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.16.3334

[33] W. Weiler, H.E. Schaefer, Vacancy formation in indium investigated by positron lifetime spectroscopy, J. Phys. F, 15 (1985) 1651-1659.

DOI: 10.1088/0305-4608/15/8/005

[34] P. Ehrhart, P. Jung, H. Schultz, H. Ullmaier, Atomic Defects in Metals, Landoldt-Bornstein, ed. Madelung Group III, Volume 25, Berlin, (1991).

[35] F.J. Humphreys, M. Hatherly, Recrystallization and related Annealing Phenomena, Pergamon Press, Oxford, (1996).

[36] F. Haessner, S. Hofman, Recrystallization of Metallic Materials, Ed. Haessner, DR Riederer Verlag, Stuttgart, (1978).

[37] R.W. Cahn, Physical Metallurgy, Eds. R.W. Cahn & P. Haasen, Elsevier Science Publishers 3rd Edition (1983), p.1595.

[38] H. Gleiter and B. Chalmers, Prog. Mater. Sci. 16 (1972) 1.

[39] P.H. Dederichs, Diffuse Scattering from Defect Clusters near Bragg Reflections, Phys. Rev. B, 4 (1971) 1041-1050.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.4.1041

[40] E. Bonetti, E. Fuschini, R. Montanari, M. Servidori, A. Uguzzoni, X-ray diffraction study on proton-irradiated high-purity aluminum, Mater. Letters, 8 (1989) 477-480.

DOI: 10.1016/0167-577x(89)90035-9

[41] M.A. Krivoglaz and K.P. Ryaboshapka, Phis. Met. Metallogr. USSR, 16 (1963) 14-20.

[42] A. Mezzi, S. Kaciulis, S.K. Balijepalli, R. Montanari, A. Varone, M. Amati, B. Aleman Llorente, Micro-chemical inhomogeneity in eutectic Pb-Bi alloy quenched from melt, Surf. and Interf. Anal., Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary. com) DOI 10. 1002/sia. 5368; Surf. Interface Anal. 46 (2014).

DOI: 10.1002/sia.5368

[43] S. Balijepalli, S. Kaciulis, M. Amati, R. Montanari, A. Varone, Elemental clustering and structure of liquid LBE, Advanced Materials Research Vol. 922 (2014) 785-790.

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.922.785

[44] R. Montanari, A. Varone, Ordine a breve raggio nel fuso della lega eutettica Pb-Bi, La Metallurgia Italiana, 3 (2015) 3-8.

[45] R. Montanari, F. Gauzzi, XRD investigation of binary alloys solidification, Ed. S.S. Sadhal, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1161 (2009) 407-415.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.04317.x

[46] T.B. Massalski, Binary Alloy Phase Diagram, American Society for Metals (1987).