Paper Titles

Silicon Waste from the Photovoltaic Industry - A Material Source for the Next Generation Battery Technology?
p.107

Selective Separation Using Fluid-Liquid Interfaces
p.113

Carrier Flotation: State of the Art and its Potential for the Separation of Fine and Ultrafine Mineral Particles
p.125

Cues to Greater Recycling Efficiency - Characterization of a Crushed Mobile Phone by Mineral Liberation Analysis (MLA)
p.134

Review: Possibilities of Steel Scrap Decopperization
p.145

Copper-Alloyed PHFP Steel for Energy-Efficient and Distortion-Reduced Production of Cold-Formed, High-Strength Structural Components
p.161

Corrosion of Carbon Free and Bonded Refractories for Application in Steel Ingot Casting: An Approach for Improving Steel Quality
p.166

Synthesis of High Performance Geopolymers by Wet Milling of Blast Furnace Slags
p.177

Bundling Analytical Capacities to Understand Phase Formation in Recycling of Functional Materials
p.183

HomeMaterials Science ForumMaterials Science Forum Vol. 959Review: Possibilities of Steel Scrap...

Review: Possibilities of Steel Scrap Decopperization

Article Preview

Abstract:

Copper is one of the most common tramp elements in steel scrap. It originates from recycling of copper-alloyed steels, such as weather-resistant construction steel (up to 0.3 mass% Cu) or austenitic stainless steels (up to 3 mass% Cu). In both cases, corrosion resistance is increased. Certainsteels, on the other hand, be alloyed with Cu to influence the M_s point, ductility and/or antiseptic properties. However, copper increases the risk of hot shortness and cold work hardening in low-alloyed steels, which is even more pronounced if Sn is also present in the alloy. Furthermore, Cu is frequentlyintroduced into the scrap melt unintentionally, when steel scrap contains undiscovered parts or components of Cu or its alloys. Because the oxygen affinity of copper is lower than that of iron, selective oxidization of Cu from steel melts is not possible. Therefore, various alternative decopperization methods have been proposed by researchers, starting from the mid-1950s, up to the present. Among those are, apart from scrap pre-treatment, sortation and physical separation, melt dilution, treatment with chemical elements, carrier-metal equilibration, distillation/volatilization, slag treatment, melt filtration and oxide powder blowing. In this paper, various methods for decopperization of steel scrap melts, as reported in available literature, are being reviewed. This is complemented by pretest results from the Institute of Iron and Steel Technology at TU Bergakademie Freiberg (IIST).

You might also be interested in these eBooks

E-Mobility and Circular Economy

Info:

Periodical:

Materials Science Forum (Volume 959)

Pages:

145-160

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.959.145

Citation:

Cite this paper

Online since:

June 2019

Authors:

E. Frank Sandig*, Dmitry Chebykin, Valentyna V. Prutchykova, Olga Fabrychnaya, Olena Volkova

Keywords:

Circular Economy, Copper Removal, Metallurgical Methods, Recycling of Steels, Scrap Treatment, Sustainability

Export:

RIS, BibTeX

Price:

Permissions CCC:

Request Permissions

Permissions PLS:

Request Permissions

Сopyright:

© 2019 Trans Tech Publications Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Share:

Citation:

* - Corresponding Author

[1] Jahrbuch Stahl 1992, German, Verlag Stahleisen, Düsseldorf, Germany, Nov. (1991).

[2] Jahrbuch Stahl 2016, German, Verlag Stahleisen, Düsseldorf, Germany, Nov. (2015).

[3] Statistiken | stahl-online.de, German, VDEh and WV-Stahl, Sept. 2017, http://www.stahlonline. de/index.php/statistiken/ (visited on 01/23/2018).

[4] L. Savov and D. Janke, Recycling of scrap in steelmaking in view of the tramp element problem, Metall 52.6 (June 1998), p.374–383.

[5] Various, Europäische Stahlschrottsortenliste, German, June 1, 1995, 7 pp.

[6] K. Born, Die Entstehung von Oberflächenfehlern bei der Warmverarbeitung von Stahl durch Kupfer- und Zinnverunreinigungen, Bericht Nr. 854 des Werkstoffausschusses des Vereins Deutscher Eisenhüttenleute, German, Stahl und Eisen 73.20 (Sept. 1953), p.1268–1280.

DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.18960022713

[7] J. Degenkolbe, G. Kalwa, and K. Knaup, Wirkung von Begleitelementen auf die Werkstoffeigenschaften, German, Stahl und Eisen 108.11 (May 1988).

[8] I. Zigalo, Y. Baptizmanskij, Y. Vyatkin, A. Velichko, E. Shakhpazov, and Y. Grishchenko, Copper in Steel and Problems of Removing It, Steel in the USSR 21.7 (1991), p.299–302.

[9] V. Leroy et al., Effects of tramp elements in flat and long products, Technical Steel Research - Primary Steelmaking - Report EUR 16672 EN, Englisch, Europäische Kommission, Brüssel, Belgien, 1995, 174 pp.

[10] H. Rösner, Einfluß der über den Schrott aus dem Altautorecycling und aus Militärschrott eingebrachten metallischen Begleitelemente auf die Stahleigenschaften: Abschlußbericht, German, Europäische Komission, Brussels, BE, (1996).

[11] L. Savov, E. Volkova, and D. Janke, Copper and Tin in Steel Scrap Recycling, RMZ - Materials and Geoenvironment 50.3 (2003), p.627–640.

[12] X. Zhang and Z. Liu, Synergy effects of Cu and Sn on pitting corrosion resistance of ultra-purified medium chromium ferritic stainless steel, IOP Conference Series: Mater. Sci. and Engineering 182.1 (2017), p.012032.

DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/182/1/012032

[13] Various, Key to Steels Paperback, German, Verlag Stahlschlüssel Wegst, Marbach/N., Germany, (2016).

[14] I. Daigo, L. Fujimura, H. Hayashi, E. Yamasue, S. Ohta, T.D. Huy, and Y. Goto, Quantifying the Total Amounts of Tramp Elements Associated with Carbon Steel Production in Japan, ISIJ Int. 57.2 (2017), p.388–393.

DOI: 10.2355/isijinternational.isijint-2016-500

[15] Entwicklung des Kupferpreises in den Jahren von 2000 bis 2017, German, Statista, Feb. 2018, https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/37791/umfrage/kupferpreis-seit-2000/ (visited on 03/06/2018).

[16] K.-I. Yamamoto, T. Toh, H. Hamatani, K. Tsunenari, K. Umetsu, Y. Maruki, S. Takeuchi, and Y. Yamada, Development of steel surface melting technology for improvement of hot shortness caused by tramp elements, Nippon Steel Technical Report 104 (2013), p.69–73.

[17] J.F. Elliot, M. Gleisner, and V. Ramakrishna, Thermochemistry for steelmaking, vol. 1, Pergamon Press, London, (1960).

[18] E. Hornbogen, Recycling: Materialwissenschaftliche Aspekte, German, 1st ed., Springer, Berlin, (1993).

[19] M.G. Frohberg, Thermodynamik für Metallurgen und Werkstofftechniker : E. Einf. German, 1st ed., Dt. Verl. für Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig, (1981).

[20] Various, Treatise on Process Metallurgy. Process Fundamentals, ed. by S. Seetharaman, vol. 1, Elsevier, Amsterdam, (2014).

[21] M. Shamsuddin, Physical chemistry of metallurgical processes, 1st ed., Wiley, New York, (2016).

[22] Various, Treatise on Process Metallurgy. Process Phenomena, ed. by S. Seetharaman, vol. 2, Elsevier, Amsterdam, (2014).

[23] Various, Treatise on Process Metallurgy. Industrial Processes, Part A, ed. by S. Seetharaman, vol. 3A, Elsevier, Amsterdam, (2014).

[24] R. D'Haer et al., Recycling of Scrap for high-qualty Steel Products, Technical Steel Research - Primary Steelmaking - Report EUR 19468 EN, European Comission, Brussels, BE, 2001, 124 pp.

[25] R. Springer, Verfahren zur Entkupferung und Entmessingung von Eisen- und Stahlteilen, German, German Patent No. 910840, May 6, (1954).

[26] G. Kleinschmidt, Möglichkeiten zur Entfernung von Begleitelementen in Stahl, German, PhD thesis, Aachen: RWTH Aachen, (1997).

[27] L. Savov, Fundamental Study on the Evaporation of the solute Elements Copper and Tin from iron-based Melts at reduced Pressure, PhD thesis, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, (1999).

[28] J. Lee, Kupferproblematik beim Schrottschmelzen, German, PhD thesis, Aachen: RWTH Aachen, (1997).

[29] F. Oeters, Metallurgie der Stahlherstellung, German, Springer, Berlin and Heidelberg, (1989).

[30] V.M. Glazov, A.S. Pashinkin, and V.A. Fedorov, Phase equilibria in the Cu-Se system, Inorganic Materials 36.7 (July 2000), p.641–652.

DOI: 10.1007/bf02758413

[31] G. Bernardini, F. Corsini, G. Mazzetti, and R. Trosti-Ferroni, Phase relations in the CuFeSe system at 300 ◦C, Mater. Res. Bulletin 17.8 (1982), p.981–991.

DOI: 10.1016/0025-5408(82)90123-4

[32] L. Savov and D. Janke, Evaporation of Cu and Sn from Induction-stirred Iron-based Melts Treated at Reduced Pressure, ISIJ Int. 40.2 (2000), p.95–104.

DOI: 10.2355/isijinternational.40.95

[33] Various, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, ed. by T.B. Massalski, 2nd ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, (1990).

[34] K. Yamaguchi and Y. Takeda, Impurity Removal from Carbon Saturated Liquid Iron using Lead Solvent, Materials saction 44.12 (2003), p.2452–2455.

DOI: 10.2320/matertrans.44.2452

[35] K. Yamaguchi and H. Ono, Oxidative Removal of Cu from Carbon-saturated Iron via Ag Phase into B2O3 Flux, ISIJ Int. 52.1 (2012), p.18–25.

DOI: 10.2355/isijinternational.52.18

[36] A.I. Zaitsev, N.E. Zaitseva, E.K. Shakhpazov, and B.M. Mogutnov, Evaporation of Copper from Iron Melts, ISIJ Int. 44.4 (2004), p.639–646.

DOI: 10.2355/isijinternational.44.639

[37] L. Savov and D. Janke, Fundamentals of Sn and Cu Removal, Tech. Steel Res. - Primary Steelmaking - Rep. EUR 19468 EN, Recycling of Scrap for high-qualty Steel Products (2001), p.44–48.

[38] J. Łabaj, Kinetics of Copper Evaporation from the Fe-Cu Alloys Under Reduced Pressure, Englisch, Arch. Metall. Mater. Vol. 57, 2012, p.165–172.

DOI: 10.2478/v10172-012-0005-8

[39] S.-H. Jung, Y.-B. Kang, J.-D. Seo, and H.-G. Lee, Some Considerations of Copper Removal from Steel by Use of Oxysulfide Systems, Ninth International Conference on Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts, Extended Abstracts, The Chinese Society for Metals, Beijing, China, May (2012).

[40] S.-H. Jung, Reaction mechanism and kinetics of evaporation of Cu and Sn from liquid steel, PhD thesis, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), KR, (2014).

[41] L.-Y. Yan, L.-M. Pei, and G.-T. Li, Investigation on Copper Removal from Molten Steel in Vacuum, Chinese, trans. by G. Luan, Journ. Northeast. Univ. (Nat. Sci.) (Oct. 2003), p.942–944.

[42] L. Li, F. Wang, C. Xiang, S. Li, K. Lu, and S. Li, Decopperization in steel melt by gasification, Chinese, trans. by Q. Huang, Beijing Keji Daxue Xuebao 21.2 (1999), p.161–162.

[43] X. Hu, Z. Yan, P. Jiang, L. Zhu, K. Chou, H. Matsuura, and F. Tsukihashi, Removal of Copper from Molten Steel using FeO-SiO2-CaCl2 Flux, ISIJ Int. 53.5 (2013), p.920–922.

DOI: 10.2355/isijinternational.53.920

[44] G.K. Sigworth and J.F. Elliot, The Thermodynamics of Liquid Dilute Iron Alloys, Metal Science 8.1 (1974), p.298–310.

DOI: 10.1179/msc.1974.8.1.298

[45] C.W. Wagner, Thermodynamics of Alloys, Addison-Wesley, Santa Barbara, CA, (1952).

[46] M. Allibert, Slag atlas, with a forew. by D. Springorum, 2nd ed., Verlag Stahleisen, Düsseldorf, 1995, p.32, 35, 38, 57, 201–203, 616 pp.

[47] Various, Slagatlas – Version HotVeGas, vol. 11.0, GTT-Technologies, Herzogenrath, Nov. (2015).

[48] O. Reuleaux, Reaktionen und Gleichgewichte im System Cu-Fe-S mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Kupferseins, German, Metall und Erz 24.5 (1927).

[49] H. Schlegel and A. Schüller, Die Schmelz- und Kristallisationsgleichgewichte im System Kupfer – Eisen – Schwefel und ihre Bedeutung für die Kupfergewinnung, German, Akademie-Verl., Berlin, (1952).

[50] E. Schürmann, Die Auswirkungen von Entmischungserscheinungen auf Metall-Schlacken- Gleichgewichte, untersucht im System Eisen-Kupfer-Aluminium-Schwefel bei Gegenwart von Kohlenstoff, German, Dissertation, Bergakademie Clausthal, 1953, p.128–137.

[51] C. Wang, J. Hirama, T. Nagasaka, and S. Ban-Ya, Phase Equilibria of Liquid Fe-S-C Ternary System, ISIJ Int. 31.11 (1991), p.1292–1299.

DOI: 10.2355/isijinternational.31.1292

[52] P. Walder and A.D. Pelton, Thermodynamic modeling of the Fe-S system, J. Phase Equilib. Diffus. 26.1 (Feb. 2005), p.23–38.

[53] L. Voisin and K. Itagaki, Phase Relations, Activities and Minor Element Distribution in Cu-Fe-S and Cu-Fe-S-As Systems Saturated with Carbon at 1473 K, Mater. Sci. 47 (12 Dec. 2006), p.2963–2971.

DOI: 10.2320/matertrans.47.2963

[54] S.-X. Guo, J.-J. Wang, L. Zhou, Y.-Q. Liu, and H.-P. Liu, Decopperization of liquid steel by FeSNa2S flux, Chinese, trans. by Q. Huang, Journ. of Iron and Steel Res. (Chinese Edition) 20.10 (2008), p.9–12.

[55] R. Shimpo, Y. Fukaya, T. Ishikawa, and O. Ogawa, Copper Removal from Carbon-Saturated Molten Iron with Al2S3-FeS Flux, Metallurgical and Mater. s. B 28B (1997), p.1029–1037.

DOI: 10.1007/s11663-997-0057-8

[56] Y. Uchida, A. Matsui, Y. Kishimoto, and Y. Miki, Fundamental Investigation on Removal of Copper from Molten Iron with Na2CO3-FeS Fluxes, ISIJ Int. 55.8 (2015), p.1549–1557.

DOI: 10.2355/isijinternational.isijint-2014-776

[57] J. Wang, S. Guo, L. Zhou, and Q. Li, Slag for Decopperization and Sulphur Control in Molten Steel, Journ. of Iron and Steel Res. Int. 2nd ser. 16 (Mar. 2009), p.17–21.

DOI: 10.1016/s1006-706x(09)60021-2

[58] C. Wang, T. Nagasaka, M. Hino, and S. Ban-Ya, Copper Distribution between Molten FeSNaS0: 5 Flux and Carbon Saturated Iron Melt, ISIJ Int. 31.11 (1991), p.1300–1308.

DOI: 10.2355/isijinternational.31.1300

[59] C. Wang, T. Nagasaka, M. Hino, and S. Ban-Ya, Copper Distribution between FeS-Alkaline or- Alkaline Earth Metal Sulfide Fluxes and Carbon Saturated Iron Melt, ISIJ Int. 31.11 (1991), p.1309–1315.

DOI: 10.2355/isijinternational.31.1309

[60] A. Cohen and M. Blander, Removal of copper from carbon-saturated iron with an aluminum sulfide/ferrous sulfide flux, Metallurgical and Mater. Trans. B 29.2 (Apr. 1998), p.493–495.

DOI: 10.1007/s11663-998-0129-4

[61] J. Naidich, The Wettability of Solids by Liquid Metals, Progress in Surface and Membrane Science, ed. by D. Cadenhead and J. Danielli, vol. 14, Supplement C, Elsevier, 1981, p.353–484.

DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-571814-1.50011-7

[62] P.R. Chidambaram, G.R. Edwards, and D.L. Olson, A thermodynamic criterion to predict wettability at metal-alumina interfaces, Metall. Trans. B 23.2 (Mar. 1992), p.215–222.

DOI: 10.1007/bf02651856

[63] D. Sotiropoulou and P. Nikolopoulos, Work of adhesion in ZrO2-liquid metal systems, Journ. of Materials Science 28.2 (Jan. 1993), p.356–360.

DOI: 10.1007/bf00357807

[64] N. Eustathopoulos, D. Chatain, and L. Coudurier, Wetting and interfacial chemistry in liquid metal-ceramic systems, Mater. Sci. and Engineering: A 135.Supplement C (1991), p.83–88.

DOI: 10.1016/0921-5093(91)90541-t

[65] C. Xiang, L. Li, C. Wang, H. Tian, and S. Li, Decopperization in steel melt with compound decopperizing agents of oxides, Chinese, trans. by Q. Huang, Journ. of University of Science and Technology Beijing 19.6 (1997), p.538–541.

[66] L. Li, C. Xiang, Z. Pei, C. Wang, H. Tian, and S. Li, Decopperization in steel melt through filtration, Chinese, trans. by Q. Huang, Journ. of Iron and Steel Res. (Chinese Edition) 10.3 (1998), p.5–7.

[67] L. Li, C. Xiang, S. Li, J. Cao, Y. Lai, and Y. Chen, Synthesis of zinc aluminum oxide spinel, Beijing Keji Daxue Xuebao 22.1 (2000), p.23–25.

[68] S.-Q. Li, B.-J. Yu, S.-Q. Li, and L.-S. Li, Exploration on Decoppering of Molten Steel by Filtering, Engineering Chemistry and Metallurgy 21.5 (Mar. 2000), p.314–317.

[69] Y.G. Kim, I.J. Kim, J.S. Kim, Y.I. Chung, and D.Y. Choi, Evaluation of Surface Crack in Resistance Spot Welds of Zn-Coated Steel, Mater. Trans. 55.1 (2014), p.171–175.

DOI: 10.2320/matertrans.m2013244

[70] Z.-i. Morita, Y. Ogino, H. Kaito, and A. Adachi, On the Structural Change of Liquid Iron Detected from Density Measurement, J. Jpn. Inst. Met. 34.2 (1970), p.248–253.

[71] E. Storti, S. Dudczig, M. Emmel, P. Colombo, and C.G. Aneziris, Functional Coatings on Carbon- Bonded Ceramic Foam Filters for Steel Melt Filtration, steel research international 87.8 (2016), p.1030–1037.

DOI: 10.1002/srin.201500446

[72] steelcast.ru – Directory, Steel Smelting and Casting Data, Russian, 2009, http://steelcast.ru/spravochnik1 (visited on 02/23/2018).

[73] Y.P. Snitko, Y.N. Stern, and N.P. Ljakishev, Reports of the USSR Academy of Sciences 268.5 (1983), p.115–117.

[74] X. Lu and Z. Jin, Thermodynamic assessment of the BaO-TiO2 quasibinary system, Calphad 24.3 (2000), p.319–338.

DOI: 10.1016/s0364-5916(01)00008-6

[75] A. Jungreithmeier, A. Viertauer, K. Jandl, H. Preßlinger, and H. Hiebler, Behaviour of trace and accompanying elements in liquid steel during RH-treatment, Scaninject, International Conference on Refining Processes, 7b, MEFOS, Lulea, 1995, p.27–66.