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Introduction In civil engineering, protection of the structure becomes primary concern.
Most frequently coating which has been used to protect the structure is an organic coating such as acrylic, polyurethane, epoxy, alkyd coatings [1].
Cement based coating materials are the most common inorganic coating materials used in structure protection.
Geopolymer coating can protect steel from environmental degradation primarily through its dense, chemically stable, and impermeable structure.
Davidovits, Geopolymer chemistry and applications.

Simulation based on ANSYS/FLUENT Structure.
Then the cell structure was improved to avoid stress concentration and thereby the stability of the stack is enhanced.
The structure parameters and working parameters of abnormal PEMFC can be optimized by setting different initial conditions.
The structure of anode can be improved with the similar method.
Liao: Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology Vol. 38 (2010), p. 604 (In Chinese) [3] T.S.

Vacuum arc is a secondary melting (re-melting) process used to produce fully dense, defect free, homogeneous ingot with an approximate chemistry, physical size and grain structure.
The complexity of the ingot structure is clearly seen from these pictures.
The structure of ingot produced by vacuum arc re-melting furnace has inclined columnar crystals and a zone of equiaxed structure.
An important characteristic of the solidifying VAR ingot structure is the columnar growth direction.
• The structure of ingot produced by VARF has inclined columnar crystals and a zone of equiaxed structure

The structural efficiencies of multifunctional structures can also be enhanced by the use of cellular structures with periodic unit cells [76].
These include tetrahedral structures or kagome structures [77] that allow for the design of structurally efficient light weight structures.
Ryshkewitch, Oxide Ceramics: Physical Chemistry and Technology, pp. 350–396.
Jones (eds.), Chemistry and Physics of Fracture, Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, pp. 44, 1987
Hopkins, Structures technology for future aerospace systems, Computers & Structures, Vol. 74, pp. 507–519, 2000

Well aligned, ZnO nanorods with length of ~700 nm, base diameter of ~200 nm and top diameter of less than 30 nm needle-like structure were formed on seeded Zn substrate with concentration ratio of zinc nitrate to hexamethylamine 0.1M:0.1M, pH 6-7 at hydrothermal reaction temperature of 80°C Introduction Lot of efforts has been devoted on fabricating and controlling the nanostructures in the semiconductor material due to the behavior of nano-crystalline towards the optical and other properties.
With subsequent growth hexagonal wurtzite structure would appear.
At 0.1M zinc nitrate, ZnO nanorods had needle-like structure with the smallest average diameter compared to other concentration that showed hexagonal rods.
As the hydrothermal reaction temperature was increased to 80°C, ZnO formed aligned long nanorods with a needle-like structure.
[18] Vayssieres, L., Keis, K., Hagfeldt, A. & Lindquist, S.-.: Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 13(2001), no. 12, pp [19] Vayssieres, L.: Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing, Vol. 89(2007), no. 1, pp. 1-8 [20] Shin, C.M., Lee, J.Y., Heo, J.H., Park, J.H., Kim, C.R., Ryu, H., Chang, J.H., Son, C.S., Lee, W.J., Tan, S.T., Zhao, J.L. & Sun, X.W.: Applied Surface Science, Vol. 255(2009), no. 20, pp

The characteristics clearly describes the Schottky behavior of the prepared Al/Mg/ITO structure.
In other words one can prepare the ohmic contact by selecting such kind of structure.
That can also be observed in case of viriation in the electrical conductivity of the thin films structure.
Summary The Mg/Al bilayer films have been deposited and characterized to study the hydrogen storage behavior in the film structure.
Yang, First Principles Study on Hydrogen Desorption from a Metal (=Al, Ti, Mn, Ni) Doped MgH2 (110) Surface, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 114 (2010), 11328-11334

Magnetic Domain Structure.
The domain structures of the CoFe deposits with the highest and lowest Fe contents from the two groups are illustrated in Fig. 5.
Conclusion The soft magnetic properties of the electrodeposited CoFe films are found to be influenced by the chemical composition, physical structure, and magnetic domain structure of the deposits.
As the film thickness is reduced to ~1 mm (thin film), potentially owing to its uniformly flat films’ structure and stripe-liked domain structure, high coercivity that is independent of grain size is observed.
Liu: Research Letters in Physical Chemistry Vol. 2008 (2008), p. 1 [8] D.Y.

Replication method has widely used to form a porous ceramic structure because it can produce hierarchical pore structure.
The pore structures were more irregular compared to pore structures by using a replication method as shown in Figure 2(b).
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
Structuring adsorbents and catalysts by processing of porous powders.
Structured Zeolite Adsorbents for CO2 Separation (master of science dessertation)

According to CAICISS, it is clear that the surface polished with Cr2O3 abrasive has a near perfect crystallographic structure at the surface layer and the first layer is composed of Si-Si atomic bonds which never appear in intrinsic SiC structures[4].
These surfaces are heterogeneous in various chemical, electronic and physical properties according to the difference in the structure.
The CAICISS method can estimate atomic element and crystal structure of four to five atomic layers from the surface, simultaneously [4].
In the first layer, the proper structure Si-C-Si-C can be generalized to Si-Si-C and the silicon oxidation could be occurring at Si-Si bonded structure.
Conclusions There remains silicon add-atoms bonded Si-C pairs structure on the surface polished with Cr2O3 disk developed.

After HIPing, the initial microstructure was typical near lamellar structure as shown in Fig. 1.
A lot of fine recrystallization grains are found around the boundaries of lamellar structure.
In Fig. 6 (c), the high density of GNDs distribute around the lamellar structure.
Hence, high density of GNDs exists around the lamellar structure.
Materials Chemistry and Physics 72 (2001) 301–319