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Grain boundaries play a major role in nanomaterials, and strongly affect properties and processing.
A number of laboratories reported white QLEDs with the emitting layer assembled of a balanced mixture of red, green, and blue emitting QDs.
The progression in QLED performance is mapped in terms of external quantum efficiency (EQE), which is defined as the ratio of the number of photons emitted by the LED in the viewing direction to the number of electrons injected.
The resulting films are typically polycrystalline, with the grain size ranging from 10 to 20 nm.
Shull, Formation and stabilization of nano size grains in ferromagnetic thin films by dispersed C60, J.

The usefulness of this technique is next illustrated using a number of examples related to: (a) design of small specimens for fracture toughness determination using this principle (b) optimization of the volume fraction of the constituent phases in dual phase steels, (c) design of heat treatment for cast rolls, (d) optimization of cryotreatment for tool steels and (e) study of the effect of inclusions on toughness characteristics of microalloyed steels.
The usefulness of this technique in material development and in quality control is next illustrated using a number of examples.
The average volume fraction of inclusions and the grain size are found to be 0.4% and 11µm, respectively.

Wu et al. [13] studied the effects of temperature, bending rate and grain size of Mg-alloy AM30 tubes.

Relaxation processes originate in crystalline materials from e.g. point defects, dislocations, grain boundaries, magnetic domains interaction among defects, thermoelastic effects.
As a general rule, it is written [9] according to Eq. (4) that r���= , (9) where the quantity � depends on the symmetry of the site and the number of adjacent sites.
The origin of this relaxation peak is not yet understood (dislocations or grain boundaries).
This is mainly due to the complexity of the motions giving rise to the relaxation phenomenon, as a large number of degrees of freedom can be implied.
To give just a glimpse of the huge number of different possibilities to determine the magnetization relaxation times, we describe briefly the determination of the longitudinal relaxation time ( )�
1T associated to the component of magnetization Mz , parallel to the static field oB .

Existing conventional asphalt have to be upgraded mechanically to extend its lifetime and durability since increasing number of vehicles, high vehicle mobility and a hotter climate due to global warming.
Rubberized asphalt could reduce the occurrence of asphalt grain release, because the aggregate is stickier, so that the road surface does not crack and create potholes easily.
Increasing number of vehicles, high vehicle mobility and warmer climate due to global warming lead to shorter pavement lifetime and shortened maintenance cycles [17-20].

The amount of retained hydrogen in this sample was Q ≈ 2.8∙1014 H2/cm2 and the number of hydrogen molecules captured inside the blister was (Q Sb) ≈ 5.5∙103 [15].
It was shown in [20] that vibration at 295 meV was due to a single H atom bonding to graphite (C-H), while vibrations at 331 meV and 345 meV (and higher energy losses) were respectively related to formation of dimer and quartet, or more generally, a higher number of clustering atoms (i.e., hydrogen cluster formation).
The defects of the dislocation loop type can be formed (created) during (and/or due to) shrinking and/or disappearing of a number of blisters.
(8) In Eqs. 6-8: XIII = (H/C l)III is the equilibrium concentration of hydrogen atoms absorbed (on the chemisorption carbon “Cch centers”) in the graphite (multigraphene) lattice in the material at pressure PH2 (Pa) and temperature T (K), it is the ratio of the number of dissolved hydrogen atoms (i.e., “(C-H)abs covalent complexes”) to the number of carbon atoms in the graphite lattice, which ratio in some cases is close to the total number of carbon atoms in the material (C l £ C); XIIIm = (H/C l)IIIm £ 1.0 (or 0.5), is the maximum (carbohydride-like) concentration [10, 12, 42, 45, 46, 49]; P0H2 = 1 Pa is the standard pressure of hydrogen; DS(5)III is the standard entropy for reaction Eq. (5); R is the gas constant; DHdiss = 448 ± 2 kJ mol-1(H2) is the experimental value [47] of the dissociation
Phys. 78 (2008) Article number 041402

But, now-a-days the approach is scientific and involves a wide number of specific competencies of solid state chemistry, analytical chemistry, physical chemistry and spectroscopy.
It can be observed that a greater number of moles of gas are produced in combustion reactions with carbohydrazide as shown in the Fig. 8.
However, the obtained products are found to crystalline and having a relatively small grain size.
The combustion reaction using stoichiometric amount of urea produces lower flame temperature and higher number of gas molecules than those of stoichiometric amount of glycine, carbohydrazide and citric acid.
[16] Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) (JCPDS-ICDD), file number No.: 36-1451

The number (n) at the bottom of each lattice indicates the configuration after nth jump.
Thus, the number of wrong bonds keeps increasing after each jump until the third jump.
From the fourth jump onwards, the number of wrong bonds keeps decreasing and complete order is restored after sixth jump.
The number (n) under each structure denotes the configuration after nth jump of vacancy in the cycle.
Limited number of studies are available in literature for multicomponent alloys based on B2 FeAl and NiAl.

RSM consists of a group of mathematical and statistical techniques used to develop an adequate functional relationship between a response of interest, y, and the number of associated control (input) variables denoted by x1, x2, ..., xk [20].
The bran was collected and sieved to remove the broken grains and other impurities and was kept in a refrigerator at 4oC before use.
BDD was used in this study due to its high efficiency in generating the required number of runs without running at extreme regions of every factor.
The r2 value for the sample size and number of terms in the model can be corrected by removing the bias estimates.

Attempts have been made to use such films as molecular components in a number of electronic and optoelectronic devices [19-21].
In this way a set of ST and LT samples composed of grains in the shape of nanoflowers (Fig. 9) was synthesized [49].
They speculated that the nanoflower was a representative morphology of spherulite formed by radiating growth from a center or a number of centers and the [Cu (OH)4]2- complexes played a key role in the growth of nanoflowers.
All the peaks are compared with the standard XRD spectrum (AMCSD Card Number: 99-101-0934 of American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database) [62], and a perfect matching exists between the two spectra.