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In most of the reviewed studies the systems were modelled with Ising pair-interaction energies evaluated with reference to the experimental and theoretical data [7,9-13].
Reduction of the dimensionality – i.e. generation of nanolayers (2D), nanowires (1D) and nanoparticles was simulated by removing the PBS in 1, 2 or 3 dimensions, respectively.
In all the remaining cases, such an approach was unfeasible for two main reasons: · The ‘size effect’ showing up as a reduction of the relaxation amplitudes Δη=ηt=0-ηt→∞ with respect to the experimental ones and consequently, the necessity for large temperature steps to be applied in order to generate interpretable data
No experimental data on Al self-diffusion are available due to the well-known lack of a suitable Al radio-tracer.

The attraction of the BEM can be largely attributed to the reduction in the dimensionality of the problem; for two-dimensional problems, only the line-boundary of the domain needs to be discretized into elements, and for three-dimensional problems only the surface of the domain needs to be discretized.
This means that, compared to finite-element domain-type analysis, a boundary analysis results in a substantial reduction in data preparation.
Data in Figure 9 are normalized with respect to the J value for a crack in a infinite homogenous plate under plane strain condition, ¿n = R^Àc ½j⁄ .
In other to compare with other results, data in Figure 10 is presented in terms of normalized stress intensity factors, ÌÍ Ìn⁄ , where Ìn = R√Àc.

The electrolyte-electrode interface is modeled as a resistor in series with a capacitor.[21] With the EIS data, the frequency-dependent capacitive contribution to the total impedance can be calculated by the following equation: (5) where CC is the fraction of capacitive contribution, the absolute value of the ratio of Im Z, the imaginary part, to |Z|, the modulus of the total impedance.
Using Eq.1-Eq.3, the specific capacitance, specific energy, and specific power of the fabricated BSHs are extracted from CV data.
Thus, these said invariant behavior in the relatively high-frequency regime might not be the major concern in comparison to the data between 10 mHz and 1 Hz.
To facilitate further understanding of the data between 10 mHz and 1Hz, another parameter C` is calculated according to the following equation: (9) Here, C` is called real capacitance, whose unit is F.
Data in these plots are from the EIS measurements on Ti3C2 working electrode.

The inserted blue dash line represented the couple couple sample which mean those sample have both non-VTA and VTA data.
It is convinced by our data that by having the same deposition time, the film quality may be improved to the same as those grown at high temperature (HT) deposition.
As mentioned before that Se element should be appeared in EDX spectrum if this data was confirmed with XRD pattern, surprisingly it is not.
Despite the device was set for a data collection up to a temperature of 8K, but in the real time the lowest temperature point that could be reached was 15K.
In consequent, if there is a transitional forms and symptoms that occurred below 15K automatically became undefined due to imprecise data.

They carried out an experimental design and determined the optimum parameters’ levels by using a Taguchi orthogonal array (L9) and the S/N ratio; also in this case, build orientation was found to be significant for the reduction of the dimensional deviation.
A datum alignment with 10 iterations of the upper surface of the specimen was used to accurately align the models to: i) assess the deviations map; ii) identify the coordinates of 3 points on the middle plane necessary to calculate the bending angle; iii) evaluate the flatness tolerance of the top surface; iv) evaluate the torsion angle of the specimen by considering the values at the two cross-sections in the middle of the grip sections.
Series Bending angle [°] Maximum deviation [mm] Torsion angle [°] Flatness deviation [mm] Thickness [mm] F 0° 1.127±0.112 0.342±0.017 0.012±0.001 0.887±0.071 3.08±0.012 F 45° 0.612±0.055 0.262±0.011 0.252±0.012 0.572±0.069 3.05±0.009 F 90° 0.512±0.052 0.195±0.009 0.065±0.003 0.445±0.011 3.09±0.011 E 0° 0.075±0.018 0.056±0.181 0.174±0.075 0.172±0.009 3.12±0.025 E 45° 0.265±0.024 0.150±0.011 0.490±0.020 0.286±0.019 3.03±0.040 E 90° 0.003±0.002 0.110±0.020 0.473±0.038 0.204±0.021 2.97±0.008 U 0° 0.3618±0.031 0.444±0.041 3.420±0.221 0.939±0.088 3.17±0.085 U 45° 0.4326±0.035 0.545±0.030 2.382±0.251 0.584±0.061 3.27±0.110 U 90° 0.324±0.040 0.790±0.085 2.826±0.340 0.937±0.101 3.17±0.080 Gage R&R method [22] has been used to control and judge the measurement process in order to determine which sources are responsible for the variation of the measurement data.
After obtaining the original experimental data, signal-to-noise ratio can be computed for BA, MD, TR, FD and T.

This datum has to be considered in a comprehensive approach.
Data of ITACA – ITalian ACcelerometric Archive were used (see http://itaca.mi.ingv.it/ItacaNet/) and 8 earthquakes of 2009 sequence were selected starting from L'Aquila Earthquake Mainshock.
In order to control this not general result, in the range of “Area Omogenea 5”, two different attenuation relationships, (S-P) [4], and (Z-M) [5] are considered, based on Italian earthquake data for local magnitude and epicentral distance similar to that of the present paper.
A Procedure for Urban Risk Assessment and Reduction A particular relevance assumes the analysis of urban seismic vulnerability; such kind of analysis has been developed in the past by the Authors.

Cost reduction for Ti alloys can derive from the use of cheaper alloying elements as well as the use of alternative manufacturing techniques.
The data of the Vickers hardness measurements are shown in Figure 5 where it can be seen that pure Ti and the Ti-2.5Cu alloys have similar values but the Ti-5Mn samples have higher hardness.

Korschun, et al. [62] explored CSR from a business purchasing context, as they mention factors such as environmental impact of products and production processes, avoiding child labor, stimulating employee volunteerism, codes of conduct and pressures from consumers as drivers of CSR strategies 3.0 Methods We employ two testing methodologies namely simple linear regression and method of least square regression as follows: Simple linear regression Simple linear regression analysis describes the linear relationship between two variables by fitting a straight line through the set of data that best represents them; hence such a line is usually called the line of best fit.
Since and are unknown parameters, they are estimated from sample data.
Geometrically, the least squares equation represents a straight line that best fits the data.
Conditions for Making Inferences in Regression Analysis In regression analysis, we often go beyond the fitting of an equation to data and make inference about the population from which the data were drawn.
For organizations that dutifully engage in proactive corporate social responsibility, they can even benefit in the form of exemptions in policies such as tax reduction and others that can give them some favorable support either in the present or in the future.

However, it was only the further technical accomplishment of the Jenamap p dyn series of interference microscopes by the Carl Zeiss Jena GmbH and the introduction of powerful computers and data analysis [27, 32, 33] that, eventually, enabled the measurement of transient intracrystalline concentration profiles.
The thin lines represent the best fits of the analytical solution (with constant diffusivity and permeability [43]) to the experimental data .
As a unifying feature, both IR micro-imaging and interference microscopy yield integrals over the concentration of the guest molecules in observation direction, as the primary data of the measurement.
Details of data analysis and the different ways leading to the underlying transport parameters, notably to the diffusivities and permeabilities, may be found in refs. [34, 47, 48].
The plain presents the best fit of the experimental data to a function of the mean concentration (ceq + csurf)/2 as a sole parameter.

The lack of thermodynamic and thermophysical data on the properties of alloys is one of the important problems in the development of new advanced materials of a complex chemical composition.
Most of the experimental data were obtained at certain temperatures and pressures.
Analysis of obtained data.
For Ni, Cr, Fe, the changes of which are the most reflexive and significant, the data are given in Table 4.
This is evidenced by the data on the range of distribution of microhardness of the specimens (Table 2) and statistics of the specimens fracture during mechanical tests (Table 3).