Advanced Materials Research Vol. 1113

Abstract: This paper reports on the reusability of iron sludge generated from the solar Fenton oxidation on Palm Oil Mill Secondary Effluent (POMSE) samples. The aim of this study was to observe the reusability of Fenton sludge to be used as iron sources for reducing the COD and color of POMSE. The feasibility of iron sludge was determined by recycling the iron sludge five times. Result showed that the percentage removal of COD and color was generally reduced from fresh iron used (F1) to Recycled 1 (R1) and eventually Recycle 5 (R5). The percentage removal of COD for F1, R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 were 83.8%, 71.2%, 40.3%, 45.1%, 39% and 35.9% respectively. Meanwhile the color removal for F1-R5 were 97.18%, 87.29%, 75.33%, 73.08%, 68.60% and 70.84% respectively. The amount of ferrous iron and total iron in supernatant however, fluctuated between 0.00 to 0.37 and 2.86 to 9.24mg/L respectively. Amount of iron that remained in the sludge in every cycle starting from F1 to R5 were 7271, 7404, 7275, 7546, 7238 and 7025mg iron/kg sludge respectively. In conclusion, it was justifiable to recycle Fenton sludge as a high amount of iron remained even after the fifth time of recycling.

Abstract: In this study, local isolated Xanthomonas campestries has been used from local cabbage for xanthan gum production via fermentation in shake flask. The product was then recovered with isopropanol and dried. Meanwhile, for extraction and purification of mushroom polysaccharide, we use dead edible mushroom has been used. Polysaccharide mushroom was extracted with NaOH solutions at 100 ͦ C for 24 hrs. Next, polysaccharide was precipitated separately by the addition of ethanol and the resulting polysaccharide extract were dissolved in distilled water. In the present study, different type of biopolymers was used in order to determine the oil recovery with different concentrations. Biopolymers used in this experiment are xanthan gum and mushroom polysaccharide. The properties of both biopolymers were tested for 3000 ppm and 10000 ppm of concentration. The results shown higher oil recovery factor obtained from the mushroom polysaccharide, which is 84.14%. Meanwhile, the highest recovery obtained by xanthan is about 67.44% only. As a conclusion, increasing polymer concentration will increase the oil recovery factor.

Abstract: . In this paper, L-alanine crystal was crystallized in the presence and absence of glycine additive using slow evaporation method, in association with a simulation technique using ab-initio quantum mechanical method used to predict the crystal morphology of L-alanine. Comparison between the experimental and simulated lattice energies have shown a good agreement with the 8% error, thus validating the set of force field and the partial atomic charges used. Attachment energy method used by the simulation to predict the morphology of L-alanine crystal, revealed a prismatic crystal morphology bounded with 10 dominant faces: (110), ( 0), ( 10), (1 0), (020), (0 0) (011), (0 ), (0 1) and (01 ), which is in good agreement with the experimental morphology. Crystallization of L-alanine in the presence of glycine in the solution also resulted in prismatic crystal morphology, but elongated in the z-axis direction. This result was further explained by intermolecular bonding analysis of glycine on the morphological faces of L-alanine crystal, which suggested that glycine was preferentially adsorbed on the (0 ) and (1 0) faces of L-alanine crystal morphology.

Abstract: Crystal morphology remains an important aspect in pharmaceutical industries and thus lengthy experimentally determined morphology becomes a routine. This leads to advancement of molecular modeling to assist in crystal morphology determination. Morphology of racemic ibuprofen can be grown in PEG 300 solvent and simulated via molecular modeling, the computational technique. The resulting morphology dictates its feasibility and prepares for further necessary control to produce desired morphology. Tuning up the morphology can be done by rationalizing out via molecular modeling the effect of the solvent and crystallization method. Solvent effect persists to influence crystal morphology mainly via interaction of hydrogen bond specific at different facets. However, the influence of solvent-surface interaction in enhancing or inhibiting crystal growth is still not completely resolved. To date, racemic ibuprofen grown in PEG 300 solvent is the first ever reported. The objective of this study is to compare experimental and predicted morphology of racemic ibuprofen using selected potential functions and charge set in vacuum condition. Racemic ibuprofen crystal morphology was grown in PEG 300 solvent via cooling at ambient temperature and predicted via attachment energy (AE) method using molecular modeling. It was found that the experimental morphology is tabular hexagonal while the predicted one is tabular octagonal. The facets were cleaved and its surface chemistry was explained. The predicted lattice energy with lowest percentage error of 0.02% is dominated by van der Waals force rather than electrostatic force.

Abstract: Water pollution due to the discharges of textile wastewater without treatment is the most concern problem identified. This reduces the degree penetration of sunlight into the water. It causes some human health problem such as bladder cancer, liver cancer and splenic tumor. The biological research using Lactobacillus bacteria was developed to reduce the environment problems. This research was studied on the impact of Lactobacillus delbrueckii on decolorization of textile wastewater enhanced by Gigantochloa ligulata nutrient. This nutrient contains high protein, mineral, moisture and carbohydrate such as fructose, glucose and sucrose. Those nutrients are used by Lactobacillus species to produce lactic acid, which simultaneously help in decolorizing textile wastewater. The effect studies; Lactobacillus delbrueckii dosage (4, 7, 10 mL/mL), agitation speed (1, 75.5, 150 rpm) and dye concentration (0.1, 0.55, 1.0 mL/mL) were performed to determine the rate of decolorization for every 24 hours. The result obtained show the maximum decolorization rate, 65.30% occurs at 7.66 mL of Lactobacillus dosage and 0.49 mL/mL of dye concentration with 64.20 rpm. It can be concluded that Gigantochloa ligulata nutrient has potential in enhancing Lactobacillus species to decolorize of textile wastewater.

Abstract: Transesterification method was carried out in biodiesel production from cooking oil (CO). Calcium oxide (CaO) was selected as the best catalyst. This study investigated the effects of percentage conversion of oil to biodiesel from methanol to oil molar ratio and catalyst amount. Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) test method was used to analyze the surface area. The results obtained showed that using 200°C calcined CaO catalyst, 76.67 % biodiesel was successfully converted from oil. This indicates that the cooking oil (CO) has potential to become a future source of biodiesel. 0.5 w/w% catalyst dosages, 3:5 oil to methanol molar ratio and 65°C reaction temperature are the best condition for the biodiesel conversion from oil. This study also shows that conversion of cooking oil is significantly affected by methanol to oil molar ratio and catalyst amount.

Abstract: In this study, L(+)-lactic acid (LLA) from cassava fermentation by Rhizopus oryzae NRRL 395 was used as monomer in polymerization through direct polycondensation reaction. HPLC analysis of the fermented product was carried out to confirm the presence of LLA, through the matching of retention time compared to the standard of LLA. The chemical compound in poly (L-lactic acid), PLLA was evaluated after polymerization through direct polycondensation of LLA at 180°C, with the presence of tin (II) 2-ethylhexanoate as catalyst. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) was used to characterize the functional groups, which were ester carbonyl group (C=O and C―O―C), and C-H stretching of the methyl and methine groups (―CH₃ and ―CH₂) of the resulting PLLA.

Abstract: Phenol is a carcinogenic, toxic and chemically stable-benzene ring compound that commonly exists in myriad industrial effluents. In this study, phenol degradation was carried out by Zn/TiO₂ photocatalyst synthesized by sol-gel method that photoactive under visible light. The effect of parameters; pH level, phenol concentration and irradiation time on phenol degradation were studied using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The optimum condition was at irradiation time of six hours, pH 8 and phenol concentration of 130 ppm. The SEM analysis on Zn/TiO₂ photocatalyst revealed the agglomerated morphology that enabled photoactivity under visible light.

Abstract: The effects of calcinations temperature toward physical properties of ZSM-5 were determined by treatment with different temperature for 24 hour. The main properties of these samples were characterized by means of XRD, FTIR, BET surface area measurement and TGA. The hydrothermal treatments were carried out at various temperature of 200°C-500°C. The content in the natural granite sample were also performed .Throughtout this experiment, from the XRD and FTIR analysis the natural granite samples shows the existing of zeolite component which is SiO₂ and aluminium oxide.

Abstract: In this study, a series of tapioca starch-based low density polyethylene (LDPE) biofilms were prepared via extrusion process and further using blown film extrusion with various contents of starch. Various contents of glycerol and palm oil based olein as plasticizers, both ranging from 5 wt% to 20 wt% were added to blends. The starch-based LDPE blends were undergo the melt flow index analysis to study its processability before further process by film blowing extrusion. Both film blowing ability and melt indexes displayed the effect of both plasticizers in starch-based LDPE blends. Starch based LDPE biofilms with addition of 5 wt% palm oil based glycerin show large influence on the shear viscous properties of starch polymer melts compared to glycerol. Palm oil based glycerin would decrease the viscosity of starch polymer melt since it can decrease the polymer entanglement density and increase the ease of disentanglement.