Advanced Materials Research Vol. 899

Abstract: Quality of education has an impact on living and future standard of living of the society. For this reason buildings of educational facilities with suitable material and technical and economic requirements contribute to education of individual’s personality and the whole society as well, and have impact on its development. High-quality, inspiring and stimulating built-environment supports school and out-of-school work of children and youth, their physical and mental health regardless of their age or study orientation. Contribution of the international science conference is focused on application of architectonic instruments increasing the quality of living and working environment of modern educational buildings in line with hygiene standards and pedagogical needs.

Abstract: Daylighting in buildings is commonly designed and evaluated after the Daylight Factor criterion which is required also by the Slovak standard STN 73 0580. The model of the overcast sky representing the worst daylight conditions is the basis of all standard daylight calculations in many countries. Currently, the prEN standard Daylighting of buildings is elaborated by the CEN TC 169 WG11. A new climatological criterion for evaluation of daylight provision is proposed to reflect various luminous conditions in European localities. This paper informs and discusses the concept of the new standard and presents an example of daylighting evaluation in an interior applying STN and new EN criteria.

Abstract: This contribution presents the results of an indoor environmental study of university libraries in Vienna. Indoor climatic parameters (air temperature, relative humidity, and CO2 levels) in the main spaces of four different library buildings (two historic buildings from the 19th century, two buildings from the late 20th century) were monitored over a period of ten months. Furthermore, to obtain a general impression of the quality of the visual environment in these buildings, illuminance levels at selected locations were measured. The measured data was analyzed and enriched with additional calculated indicators (e.g., PMV/PPD). To put the monitored data in the proper context, recorded outdoor climate data was also taken into consideration. The findings point to a certain overheating risk during the summer period as well as increased CO2 levels during the winter period.

Abstract: The aim of this study is to present a comparison of daylight evaluation after requirements of Slovak standard STN 73 0580 and after the new CEN criterion 300 lux median diffuse horizontal illuminance in three rooms with different plans and different size of windows. Minimum values of illuminance in lux calculated on the border of the working plane were investigated. This study shows how this new CEN criterion influences the length of working plane and size of its part usable for performance of visual tasks.

Abstract: Daylight varies during daytime and it is an important health aspect of indoor visual environmental quality. Measurements of daylighting are very complicated in natural conditions, therefore processing and evaluation of measured date requires special care. The instantaneous illuminances in one room and outside in Bratislava with 5 second time step were measured by two illuminance meters with data loggers. The first illuminance meter registered indoor illuminance and was placed on the level of the working plane inside the room in its centre. The second illuminance meter with an unscreened sensor was placed on the roof and measured exterior global horizontal illuminance. Daily illuminance courses derived from 5 sec instantaneous data and 1 min and 1 hour averages were inspected and evaluated. This paper presents results of evaluations of real measurements and the discussion focus on the influence of evaluation interval on the accuracy of daily illuminance courses.

Abstract: Deterioration of the quality of interior environment is always consequence of buildings being hit by floods. The structures and the furnishing of the buildings are exposed during such event to moisture and contaminants carried by the floodwater. Comprehensive evaluation of the effects of floods on buildings is very difficult due to influence of large number of factors, which may be mixed in infinite number of varieties. This paper is focused on analyses of the most important factors influencing the quality of the interior environment of the buildings when flooded the characteristics of the building structures, furnishing and floodwater.

Abstract: Shading by surrounding obstacles is one of main parameters which must be considered in building design. The aim of this paper is elaboration of the façade Daylight Factor (D_w) and shading angle problems defined in the Czech Technical Standards (ČSN) - Daylighting in residential buildings ČSN 73 0580. The measure of D_w represents the value of incidental shading by surrounding obstacles. Sometimes in practice are designers dealing with administrative requirements of officials because of not exact specification of conditions in building law and consequently in ČSN. Because of not exact specifications is happening that officials are requiring requisite assessments. Such issue occurs sometimes also in problem of Daylight Factor D_w – it is not exactly determined when is an assessment of D_w necessary. This paper focused on the definitions mentioned in building law and ČSN related to this issue and proposes specific conditions for eventual D_w assessment.

Abstract: Indoor illuminance levels vary frequently during the day due to the presence or absence of direct sunlight, cloudiness and content of atmosphere. In spaces equipped with roof windows these illumination effects of direct sunlight are more remarkable than in more common designed rooms with vertical windows. To study these effects the variable in form of orientation in relation to cardinal points, can be used and obtained different sizes of an area on a working plane directly illuminated by sunlight. This contribution presents a study of the impact and effects of direct sunlight, penetrated trough sloped window apertures on the working plane.

Abstract: Schoolrooms in school facilities are the most problematic in maintenance of the internal microclimate and that is why, they have strict hygiene requirements. The generated pollutants in this space are not only affected by the presence of people but especially by solar radiation and orientation of doors and windows to the cardinal points. Considerable importance have the size of the windows, because the room must meet the standards criteria for minimum daily requirement of iluminance D_min. Increasing outdoor temperature, solar radiation and stay of persons in the classrooms are important aspects that irreversibly lead to deterioration of the microclimatic conditions in these areas. This leads to premature fatigue, loss of concentration, which may lead to headaches, for example. This paper aims to determine the impact of available instruments commonly used in practice to reduce the thermal load of sunlight in the classrooms and determine the actual effectiveness of individual instruments in the real environment.

Abstract: Daylighting design of buildings is a neglected discipline of building physics, although it is an important element of a healthy indoor environment, since daylight influences the well being of every living being inhabiting a space inside and outside of buildings. It influences the biological rhythms of humans and also enables a visual feedback from the surroundings. To evaluate daylighting inside of buildings one may use any of the available numero-graphical or numerical approaches as much as computer tools. Nevertheless one does not know how precise these methodologies really are. The values of sky, externally and internally reflected components of the obtained daylight factor may vary depending on the given tool, used. To prevent such errors CIE did publish a technical report for the validation of computer design tools, howbeit it can be used to verify the quality of older methods too. The aim of the paper is to point out, that numero-graphical approaches can sometimes determine the daylight factor levels with a smaller errata in contrast to newly developed software, particularly if it handles about the sky and externally reflected components of daylight factor.