Advanced Materials Research Vols. 984-985

Abstract: The experimental work investigates performance, combustion and emission analysis for various combustion chamber geometry such as combustion, brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and emission characteristics. The various combustion chamber namely Spherical chamber (SC), Toroidal chamber (TC), Re-entrant chamber (RC) were fitted in a 4.4 kW single cylinder air cooled Compression ignition (CI) engine and tests were conducted with standard diesel. The investigated of the combustion chamber geometry characteristics on combustion, performance and emissions. This investigation shows brake thermal efficiency for Re-entrant chamber and Toroidal chamber is slightly higher than Spherical chamber. And lower specific fuel consumption of Toroidal chamber, Re-entrant chamber than that of Spherical chamber. The enhancement in reduction of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon is recorded for Re-entrant chamber compared to the Toroidal chamber and Spherical chamber. Oxides of nitrogen are reduced for Re-entrant chamber and Toroidal chamber than that of Spherical chamber. Combustion characteristics improved for Re-entrant chamber compared to Spherical chamber. The cylinder pressure for Re-entrant chamber and Toroidal chamber is higher than that of Spherical chamber. Also obtained maximum heat release rate for Re-entrant chamber than Toroidal chamber and Spherical chamber.

Abstract: This paper presents the modeling of in-cylinder pressure variation of a four-stroke single cylinder spark ignition engine. It uses instantaneous properties of working fluid, viz., gasoline to calculate heat release rates, needed to quantify combustion development. Cylinder pressure variation with respect to either volume or crank angle gives valuable information about the combustion process. The analysis of the pressure – volume or pressure-theta data of a engine cycle is a classical tool for engine studies. This paper aims at demonstrating the modeling of pressure variation as a function of crank angle as well as volume with the help of MATLAB program developed for this purpose. Towards this end, Woschni heat release model is used for the combustion process. The important parameter, viz., peak pressure for different compression ratios are used in the analysis. Predicted results are compared with experimental values obtained for a typical compression ratio of 8.3.

Abstract: : The population explosion in India is causing heavy consumption of energy resources. Most of the transportation sector is based on diesel as fuel. In this regard, it is high time for the search of renewable alternative fuels to reduce the dependency of oil imports. The usage of fossil fuels is also causing environment pollution. To minimize the pollution, an alternative to diesel is found to be non edible Mahua oil. In the present work, experiments were carried out on Mahua oil methyl ester (MOME) fuel and evaluated its performance at different injection pressures ranging from 190 to 220bar with the increment of 10 bar. The effect of blending of MOME with diesel at different injection pressures were studied experimentally to evaluate the brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption (BSEC), carbon monoxide (CO), and unburnt hydrocarbon (HC) emissions. It was observed from experimental results that 20% MOME (B20) have higher thermal efficiency at 190 bar compared with pure diesel and also HC and CO emissions were reduced.

Abstract: Fuel consumption is more and major drawback in Ramjet. To minimize this problem, different techniques can be adopted. Paper deals with one such technique viz. Steam fuel system. To increase density of fuel this system has greater influence to decrease the fuel consumption at the same time thrust can be enhanced up to a large extend. Paper deals with comparison of fuel consumed in a simple Ramjet and Ramjet with steam fuel system. The experiments are carried out in a simple Ramjet and the corresponding pressure, temperature, velocity reading will be taken to calculate thrust. Similarly the experiments were conducted in Ramjet with steam fuel system and corresponding readings of pressure, temperature, velocity reading will be taken to calculate thrust. The result is expected to be increase in temperature and thrust compare to be simple ramjet.

Abstract: The three phase induction motor is a popularly used machine in many of the industries, which is well known for its robustness, reliability, cost effectiveness, efficient and safe operation. The unnoticed manufacturing failure, mistakes during repair work, exceeding life time may be some of the causes of the induction motor failure, which may lead to the unknown shut down time of the industry. The condition monitoring plays important role as it has the influence on the production of materials and profit. In our work, the induction motor is modelled using stationary reference frame and analysed for single phasing stator fault. The techniques used in detecting the single phasing (open circuit) failures are Park’s vector approach and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Park’s vector approach is used for detecting the faults occurring at various phases and FFT is used for detecting the faults of the induction motor working under no load and varying loading conditions.

Abstract: This paper presents a design procedure for Proportional-Resonant (PR) controller and a third order LCL filter which decide the performance of the converter that is used to interface the renewable energy source to the grid. The primary focus of the paper is to evaluate the performance of the controller with the filter for a microgrid application. A scaled down model of microgrid available in the department laboratory is considered for the performance evaluation of the designed controller. The system is simulated with a 2kVA PWM inverter and tested under conditions such as change in grid impedance, grid frequency and step change in reference current. The simulation results show that the PR controller with LCL filter tracks the reference with zero steady state error and the controller is found to be immune to grid frequency and micro-grid configuration changes.

Abstract: Voltage stability assessment plays an important role in planning and operation of secured power system economically. In this paper an effective algorithm based on Artificial Bee Colony approach is developed to solve reactive power control problem for the improvement of voltage in all load buses. This algorithm employs optimal settings of control variables to achieve best solution for the objective functions. The proposed formulation is examined in standard IEEE 30 bus test system with the objective function of real power loss minimization as well as minimization of voltage stability index for the improvement of voltage stability. The test results are compared with the existing approach explained in the literature. From the test results it is absorbed that the voltage stability is improved satisfactorily.

Abstract: This paper presents a new method to classify transmission line shunt faults and determine the fault location using phasor data of the transmission system. Most algorithms employed for analyzing fault data require that the fault type to be classified. The older fault-type classification algorithms are inefficient because they are not effective under certain operating conditions of the power system and may not be able to accurately select the faulted transmission line if the same fault recorder monitors multiple lines. An intelligent techniques described in this paper is used to precisely detect all ten types of shunt faults that may occur in an electric power transmission system (double-circuit transmission lines) with the help of data obtained from phasor measurement unit. This method is virtually independent of the mutual coupling effect caused by the adjacent parallel circuit and insensitive to the variation of source impedance. Thousands of fault simulations by MATLAB have proved the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. This paper includes the analysis of fault identification techniques using Artificial Neural Network and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System based protection schemes. The performances of the techniques are examined for different faults on the parallel transmission line and compared with the conventional relay scheme. The results obtained shows that ANFIS based fault identification gives better performance than other techniques.

Abstract: The 21^st century world is more dependent on electrical power than ever. This dependency will increase manifold in the near future with more systems being computerized and a plethora of new electronic devices emerging for household, commercial and industrial applications. In such a scenario, availability of secure, reliable and efficient power is crucial for sustaining current development and economic growth trends. India is struggling to meet electric power demands of the fast expanding economy. In this situation, “smart grid” is the only solution, as it provides an open platform for electricity market and power transactions and offers high quality service and optimizes resource allocation. Simply stating smart grid refers to the application of information technology to power systems. Due to the complexity of such systems, the possibilities have yet to be clearly defined. Undertaking smart grid research in India is necessary for safe and stabilization of national power grid, optimization of national energy structure etc. This paper explores the definition, characteristics of smart grid and the gap between today’s grid and smart grid and its milestones are analyzed. Also the necessity of smart grid and enormous challenges which Indian power enterprises are facing is analyzed through which the inspiration of developing smart grid in India can be gained. Finally some of the ongoing smart grid activities in India and the barriers to implement the smart grid are discussed. The power system development as the world’s new trend of change, smart grid will lead the Indians to restore confidence, revive industry and promote sound and fast economic growth.

Abstract: This work presents a photovoltaic (PV) system, connected to a three phase grid. This work focuses on fault analysis in a grid connected photo-voltaic (PV) energy system. In this work, a three phase Multi-level Inverter connected with an AC grid fed by photovoltaic systems with advanced sine PWM control scheme is presented. The proposed modulation technique uses single reference signal and number of high frequency carrier signals to generate the PWM signal. Now a days, most of the photovoltaic (PV) power sources are connected to the AC grid. When photovoltaic power sources are connected to grid, the grid connected PV system is affected by various power quality issues like voltage sag, voltage swell, voltage disturbances, waveform distortions and three phase fault. One of the main power quality problems is three phase fault and it is appeared in the grid due to short circuit condition between two phases and ground. Fault analysis is carried out by creating a LG, LL, LLL and LLLG fault in the grid connected systems. Grid side voltage, current and power waveforms at the grid side are analysed with fault conditions. A detailed simulation has been done for the Multi-Level Inverter and the validation of system is verified through MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results are presented.