Advanced Materials Research Vols. 984-985

Abstract: Effect of preheat intake air were investigated on performance and emission characteristic of a compression ignition engine running on fuel of diesel (70%)-ethanol (30%). Fuel was evaluated within the engine twist with intake air temperature at 30°C and 60˚ respectively. Performance and emission characteristic of the diesel engine are compared based on diesel-ethanol blend, with and without preheat. The resulting emission indicated that the high heat of vaporization of ethanol affect CO and HC emission considerably. Preheating the intake air diesel-ethanol blend tends to reduce the production of CO and HC whereas increasing NOx emission.

Abstract: Biodiesel are extracted from transesterification process of edible and non-edible oil of vegetable and animal fat. It can be used in the diesel engine either in the form of neat oil or as a mixture of diesel fuel in the form of blend. The properties of oil are compared with the characteristic required for the fuel of internal combustion engine and the properties fuel are compared with conventional diesel fuel. Use of bio-diesel in a conventional diesel engine results in substantial reduction in unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matters (PM) emission and oxide of nitrogen. The blends of biodiesel with small content in place of petroleum diesel can help in controlling air pollution and easing the pressure on scarce resources without significantly sacrificing engine power and economy.

Abstract: This paper presents the properties and application of cashew nut shell oil as blend component for diesel in compression ignition engine. Experimental tests were carried out in a single cylinder, four stroke, direct injection, compression ignition engine fueled with cashew nut shell oil blends. During the experiments, the performance and emission characteristics of the diesel engine was analyzed and compared with the neat diesel fuel performance.

Abstract: The present work investigates the effect of change in combustion chamber geometry on performance and emission characteristics of single cylinder diesel engine fuelled with mahua biodiesel. Since plant oil derived from the mahua tree has high fatty acids, it undergoes esterification followed by transesterification process to reduce its viscosity. Experiments were conducted using a blend of 20% biodiesel (B20) 40% biodiesel (B40) with diesel and compared with diesel by using two types of combustion chamber geometry, explicitly hemispherical and modified hemispherical combustion chamber. Performance parameters such as Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) and emission parameters like Unburned Hydro Carbon (UBHC), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) were studied from the diesel engine with above mentioned configurations. It is obvious that there is considerable improvement in the performance parameter viz, BTE, BSFC and reduction in UBHC emissions by using the modified geometry piston. However, the NOx emission was found to be higher than that of standard configuration. The results obtained from the blend B20 at modified combustion chamber geometry are on par with diesel and hence mahua biodiesel can be suggested as an alternative fuel for Compression Ignition (C.I) engine with modified combustion chamber geometry.

Abstract: This research work investigates the effects of compression ratio on engine performance characteristics of variable compression ratio engine fuelled with biodiesel. The cottonseed oil methyl ester is blended with neat diesel and used as fuel at different compression ratios i.e., 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22. The analyses of engine performances characteristics were carried out for different proportions of cottonseed oil methyl ester blends (b25, b50, b75 and b100). It is inferred that at higher compression ratio, the brake thermal efficiency attained is higher when compared to compression ratio 18. The brake specific fuel consumption for the increment of compression ratio is found to be lower at all blend ratios. The higher brake thermal efficiency was found for b50 at CR 21. It is evident that the exhaust gas temperature reduced with the increment of CR.

Abstract: This paper deals on bio-fuel, consisting of used sunflower oil and transesterified - used sunflower oil blended with diesel. They are prepared and tested as a fuel in a direct injection (DI) single cylinder four stroke diesel engine. The main fuel properties of these fuels are measured, the engine performance characteristics are investigated and compared with that of diesel fuel. Fuels are separately prepared, blended and tested for determining the characteristics and combustion in a single cylinder diesel engine. The main fuel properties such as the specific gravity, density, flash and fire points of the blended fuels are measured. The engine performance is investigated and compared with that of diesel fuel. The experimental results showed that the specific gravity of the hybrid bio-fuels is decreased and close to that of diesel fuel. The experimental results also showed that the engine efficiency is closer to the values obtained from the diesel fuel. It is found that among the various blends, transesterifed used sunflower oil with diesel, gives better efficiency. In addition it is found that, the blend of diesel with used sunflower oil gives the lowest fuel consumption as compared to that of other blended fuels. Nomenclatures w₁ - weight of specific gravity bottle (g) w₂ - weight of specific gravity bottle + water (g) w₃ - weight of specific gravity bottle + sample (g)

Abstract: Vegetable oils are a potential alternative to partial or total substitution of diesel fuels. In this study, we used diethyl ether as an additive to investigate the possible use of increased percentages of biodiesel in diesel engine without any retrofitting. Biodiesel was made by pyrolysis process. Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) was selected for biodiesel production. Number 2 diesel fuel containing 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel fuel, is called here as B20. The effects of diethyl ether, blended with B20 in 5, 10, 15 % by volume were used in a single cylinder, four strokes direct injection diesel engine. The effect of test fuels on engine torque, power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature, were ascertained by performance tests. The influence of blends on CO, CO₂, HC, NO and smoke opacity were evaluated by emission tests. The experimental results showed that the exhaust emissions were fairly reduced for 10% diethyl ether with B20; especially the NO is reduced remarkably by 69.4% while comparing B20.

Abstract: — The spray characteristic of the injected fuel is mainly depends upon fuel injection pressure, temperature, ambient pressure, fuel viscosity and fuel density. An experimental study was conducted to examine the effect of injection pressure on the spray was injected into direct injection (DI) diesel engine in the atmospheric condition. In Diesel engine, the window of 20 mm diameter hole and the transparent quartz glass materials were used for visualizing spray characteristics of combustion chamber at right angle triangle position. The varying Injection pressure of 180 - 240 bar and the engine was hand cranked for conducting the experiments. Spray characteristics for Jatropha oil methyl ester (JOME) and diesel were studied experimentally. Spray tip penetration and spray cone angle were measured in a combustion chamber of Direct Injection diesel engine by employing high speed Digital camera using Mie Scattering Technique and ImageJ software. The study shows the JOME gives longer spray tip penetration and smaller spray cone angle than those of diesel fuels. The Spray breakup region (Reynolds number, Weber number), Injection velocity and Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) were determined for diesel and JOME. SMD decreases for JOME than diesel and the Injection velocity, Reynolds Number, Weber Number Increases for JOME than diesel.

Abstract: — There are so many articles related to the review on diesel and biodiesel such as edible and inedible vegetable oils, performance and exhaust emissions of diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel oil and its derivatives. Spray characteristics was not considered in those reviews. In this study spray characteristics in diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel oil and its derivatives and diesel will be reviewed. Edible vegetable oils, soybean oil and rapeseed oil were mainly investigated. Inedible jatropha oil, used frying oil and palm oil was investigated in diesel engine. Spray cone angle were examined among the macroscopic spray characteristics.

Abstract: Researchers strive to improve the performance characteristics such as power, thermal efficiency, mean effective pressure etc. of automotive engines. As the emission norms are becoming stringent day by day, the car manufacturers try their best to decrease the emissions and improve the performance without major compromise on performance. Improvements in the performance of an engine are can be achieved by increasing the compression ratio below detonating values. In this study influence of compression ratio on cylinder peak pressure, power, efficiency, and work for a four-stroke spark-ignition engine is reported. Both experimental and theoretical studies have been undertaken. Theoretical work is carried out using thermodynamic modelling techniques. Compression ratios ranging between 6.3 and 10.3 are considered in the speed range of 1200 and 2800 rpm. Experiments have been carried out on a single cylinder engine for a compression of 8.3 over the above speed range. The investigation is carried out particularly at such low speeds since in city driving the vehicles run only at part throttle in the above range of engine speed. The general conclusion is that the increase in compression ratio increases the performance.