Engineering Headway Vol. 39

Abstract: This study investigates the enrichment of nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) in oxide-type deposits in the Koninis Area, Simpang Raya District, Banggai Regency, Central Sulawesi Province. Data were collected through drilling with a 50-meter spacing; then two representative drill holes were selected to conduct mineralogical and geochemical analysis on the laterite zone and parent rock. In tropical environments with low relief and high rainfall, progressive weathering of pyroxene and orthopyroxene in partially serpentinized ultramafic rocks results in gradual leaching of soluble elements such as Fe, Ni, Co, Al, and Cr. When these minerals dissolve during the laterization process, Ni and Co are released and remain in the profile within the Fe-hydroxide (goethite), where Ni and Co are potentially adsorbed or incorporated into the goethite structure with the replacement of Fe, Al, Cr, and Ti. Mineralogical analysis of the laterite deposit zone, consisting of limonite, saprolite, and parent rock zones, was done using petrographic and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis methods. In contrast, geochemical analysis used the energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) method. The geochemical data obtained from drill core samples were further analyzed statistically to assess elemental distributions and interrelationships within both the limonite and saprolite zones. By knowing the enrichment of Ni-Co oxide type in this type of laterite deposit, there is a vast opportunity for exploration, considering that Indonesia has a wide distribution of ultramafic rocks, especially on the islands of Sulawesi and Halmahera.

Abstract: This research was conducted in the Boyong area, Jeneponto, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study focused on the biostratigraphy of calcareous nannofossils in the Tonasa Formation, specifically analyzing the Boyong A limestone section. Samples were collected using the measured stratigraphy method and then examined using the smear slide technique. Based on the analysis, three nannofossil datum markers were identified: LO Coccolithus Formosus, FO Sphenolithus distentus, and LO Zygrhablithus bijugatus. The zone boundaries were determined based on calcareous nannofossils: NP.21/CP.16a zone, NP.22/CP.16c zone, and NP.25/CP19b zone. Therefore, the age of the Tonasa Formation in the Boyong A section of Jeneponto is from the Early Oligocene to Late Oligocene.

Abstract: The research area is located in the Babak River and Siguntu River, Latuppa Area, Palopo which is part of the Palopo Granitoid Rock Formation. This study aims to analyze rock types, alteration types, and ore mineralization using petrographic and mineragraphic methods. The Babak River is composed of quartz diorite and granodiorite as granitoid rocks. The Siguntu River is composed of porphyry quartz monzonite as granitoid rock and porphyry andesite as subvolcanic rock. Alteration mineral zones show alteration overprints between potassic, inner propylitic, phyllic, and adularia. The alteration overprint zones between potassic, inner propylitic, phyllic, and adularia are characterized by secondary biotite, secondary k-feldspar, magnetite, anhydrite, actinolite, epidote, diaspore, sericite, quartz, adularia, and pyrite minerals estimated to have formed at 280- 350°C. The overprint zone of alteration between the inner propylitic, phyllic, adularia are characterized by actinolite, epidote, diaspore, sericite, quartz, chlorite, adularia, and pyrite minerals estimated to have formed at 280-300°C. Ore minerals present consist of bornite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, covellite and sphalerite. The overprint of the alteration zone is due to the recurrence of hydrothermal fluid supply associated with multiphase intrusion.

Abstract: The Ruwai polymetallic Fe–Zn–Pb–Ag skarn deposit, located in Lamandau Regency, Central Kalimantan is part of the Central Kalimantan metallogenic belt. Previous studies [Idrus et al., 2011; Setijadji et al., 2011; Cooke & Kitto, 1997; Simbolon et al., 2019; Dana et al., 2021] have outlined four main blocks—Gojo, Karim, Central Gossan, and Southwest Gossan—classified into proximal and distal skarn zones following Meinert’s [1997] zoning model. This study updates the metallogenic model by examining the newly identified Tujulapan Block, situated west of the Southwest Gossan Block, using data from ten drill holes supported by geological mapping and petrographic–mineragraphic analyses. The lithological assemblage in the Tujulapan Block—comprising volcanic rocks, metalimestone, siltstone, sandstone, hydrothermal breccia, and skarn deposits—closely resembles that of the Southwest Gossan Block. Prograde skarn minerals (pyroxene, garnet) and retrograde minerals (chlorite, epidote, calcite) are well developed, with ore mineralization occurring as massive, disseminated, and brecciated forms. Based on garnet–pyroxene ratios and elemental comparisons (Zn/Cu, Zn/Pb, Pb/Cu), the Tujulapan Block is interpreted as belonging to the distal skarn zone, despite containing notable magnetite mineralization. These findings refine the understanding of skarn zonation in the Ruwai system and provide strategic guidance for future exploration, highlighting both lateral and deeper mineralization potential within and beyond the Tujulapan Block.

Abstract: The research of purpose is to analyze the description of the quality port human resources at Soekarno Hatta Port Makassar, using qualitative descriptive methods and quantitative approaches with descriptive analysis methods and percentage analysis through observation, questionnaires and interviews, sampling with proportional random sampling techniques, while the sample is HR who directly handles ship and goods services in the sail order and port order sections at the Makassar main port office and HR in the marine traffic and port operational system section of the Makassar main port authority office PT. Pelindo and shipping users or companies, with a sample size of 53 respondents. The results of the study illustrate that the quality of port human resources at Soekarno Hatta Makassar port is currently from observations in the field and data processing results, according to the assessment criteria used, the average percentage is between 66% - 83%, this indicates the good criteria category, with a description of the condition of ship and goods services in the digital era using digital services at the port authority office and the main port office of Makassar, the service is good, fast and focused, although so far the human resources directly involved in ship services have only participated in technical guidance or socialization in digital-based services, thus it is necessary to have training and skills for port human resources that are needed and provide opportunities to improve competence to human resources or operators in digital-based services and other port training, work experience, and training play an important role in determining the quality of human resources at the Port. The results of this study recommend increasing digital skills training and HR competencies, as well as collaboration with educational and training institutions to improve the quality of port HR at Soekarno Hatta port Makassar and this research is expected to provide a significant contribution to improving the quality of port HR through increasing competencies and training in accordance with effective training model and methods that can be adjusted to the needs of the maritime industry.

Abstract: This research aims to provide a general overview of the feasibility aspects of Traditional Shipping in terms of the competency aspect of Human Resources (HR). Using qualitative descriptive methods, data was collected through literature studies, questionnaires, field observations and in-depth interviews. The results of the research show that human resources in this sector are dominated by individuals with low formal education, but who have quite a lot of practical experience. Technical competencies such as navigation, ship maintenance and shipping safety still rely heavily on traditional knowledge and field experience. In addition, managerial and leadership capabilities are also limited, often informal and community-based. To improve the quality and professionalism of Traditional Shipping human resources, improvement efforts are needed through continuous training programs, formal certification, and increasing access to maritime education.

Abstract: Hinterland is needed by the port as a provider of commodities to be loaded at the port, while the port functions to facilitate the activities of shipping goods outside the region and importing goods from abroad / region to the hinterland, through shipping lanes. The Pelra Port Hinterland area in the four outermost sub-districts in the Pangkajene and Islands Regency still faces serious economic challenges, namely the lack of utilization of existing potentials to improve the economy. This is due to limited access to these areas, while Pelra transportation lacks the cargo to keep operating. This paper aims to assess the economic potential of the Pelra Port Hinterland, namely in the four outermost sub-districts in the Pangkajene and Islands Regency and determine appropriate development strategies. The results of this study indicate that some of the strategies that need to be carried out are improving the skills of local communities in managing fishery resources, providing seeds for aquaculture and seaweed, and developing transportation facilities and infrastructure.

Abstract: Archipelago regional development planning is defined as a plan to determine the appropriate action process in an effort to grow and develop aspects of social, economic and environmental ecosystem life of an archipelago or group of islands, in accordance with the resource capacity of each island. Pangkajene and Islands Regency has an area of ​​12,362.29 km². The area includes: land covering an area of ​​898.29 km2 and 4 miles of sea covering an area of ​​11,464 km². Pangkajene and Islands Regency has 115 small islands with 90 inhabited islands and 25 small uninhabited islands. Geographical conditions like this result in the Pangkep Islands needing a structured development policy planning so that development in this archipelagic region can run effectively. The aim of this research is to produce a development policy for the Gugu Islands region of Pangkep Regency. The method used in this research is SWOT (Strength-Weakness-Opportunity-Threat) analysis.

Abstract: A case study of ferry transportation on Lake Towuti aims to analyze the potential hazard identification and risk assessment using the HVA method to identify potential hazards and assess risks related to the safety of traditional ship navigation on Lake Towuti. The overall potential risk of navigation in Lake Towuti is assessed at 57%, categorizing it as moderate. Although a moderate risk is not as severe as a high risk, it should still be taken seriously. Risk assessment shows seven potential risks with values above 50%. crew competence, at 83%, emphasizes the need for adequate skills and training. Communication tools (78%) indicate the importance of an effective communication system. Ship documents (67%) indicate the need for accurate administrative completeness. Dry season and safety equipment, each with a value of 61%, indicate environmental impacts and protection needs. Traditional piers, with a value of 52%, indicate infrastructure-related risks. This assessment identifies critical areas that require attention and mitigation to reduce risks. These findings emphasize the importance of implementing comprehensive risk assessment techniques such as HVA to enhance safety measures in cross-lake transportation operations. This research thus contributes to mitigating risks and enhancing resilience against potential threats to the sustainability of traditional shipping.

Abstract: Vessel Safety Examining Officers (VASOs) are at the forefront of maintaining the safety and seaworthiness of ships. This study aims to determine the contribution of from the aspects of adequacy, qualifications and distribution to regional development through ship safety. The research method uses a quantitative approach with data analysis using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The research was conducted at Soekarno-Hatta Port Makassar, Tanjung Priok Port Jakarta, and Sorong People's Port-Pelra. The results showed that PPKK performance greatly influences development in Indonesia, especially in maritime transportation safety. In 2022, Soekarno Hatta Port of Makassar recorded 4,461 ship visits with 33 officers, ideally 69 officers are needed. Tanjung Priok Port recorded 13,616 ship visits with 26 officers, ideally, 81 officers are needed. Sorong Pelra Port recorded 1,954 vessel visits with 16 officers, ideally 18 officers are required. PLS-SEM Bootstrapping analysis shows that the adequacy, qualifications, and distribution aspects of have a significant influence on sea transportation safety. The sufficiency aspect (X1) has a T-statistic of 2.106 ≥ 1.96, the qualification aspect (X2) has a T-statistic of 3.227 ≥ 1.96, and the distribution aspect (X3) has a T-statistic of 3.085 ≥ 1.96. PPKK adequacy ensures sufficient resources for safety inspections, qualifications ensure officers have the necessary expertise, and equitable distribution ensures all regions receive equal attention in vessel inspections. This supports smooth transportation, trade, and economic growth and impacts development throughout the region. To overcome the shortcomings of from the aspect of adequacy, the government needs to involve third parties or vendors according to ministry standards. qualifications need to be evaluated, and the distribution of the government needs to do mapping in each port.