Key Engineering Materials Vols. 488-489

Abstract: The multi-layered structure components of dissimilar materials are used in many engineering applications to protect the base structure from outer damage. Typical examples of coated structures are pipes with the dimensional addition of protective layers (multi-layer pipes). The purpose of this development is to protect the main (functional) part of the pipes from damages (e.g. surface scratches, internal crack propagation). In the contribution the attention is paid to cracks existing and propagating in inner protective layer. In many cases the cracks are stopped at the interface between protective and functional layers. The important task is to decide if they penetrate further through the interface in the bulk material and thus cause the failure of the system. The critical stress for the crack propagation through the interface depends on the relation between bulk and coating materials as well as on the crack geometry. All these important topics are taken into account and their effect on crack propagation is broadly discussed.

Abstract: A special clamp for fatigue of shaft under bending-torsion that used on the fatigue machine is designed and manufactured. For the medium carbon steel, the low-cycle fatigue experiments of shaft with annular notch under bending-torsion have been made on Shimadzu EHF-EM100kN high-frequency electro-hydraulic fatigue testing machine. Through experiments and analysis, the effects of tip radius, depth and open angle of notch on low cycle fatigue life of shaft with annular notch under bending-torsion are obtained. The method and results will play an important role on the fatigue life prediction and anti-fatigue design.

Abstract: The eigen-values problem of matrix cracks is studied in this paper. The stress field and displacement field of plane matrix crack is setup at first. The eigen-equation of matrix cracks is founded on the basis of the stress field and displacement field. The factors to affect the eigen-values are discussed. The effect of shearing modulus and Poisson ratio of matrix material and attaching material on eigen-values are analyzed. The results show that the bigger shearing modulus of material should be selected for attaching material and the shearing modulus of attaching material should bigger than that of matrix material in fracture design.

Abstract: The tip radius ρ, depth t and field angle α of notch and the geometrical sizes a and b of shaft are looked as descriptive parameters in the annular notched shaft. Taken the crack, blunt crack and notch as breach, the stress field and displacement field near the tip of breach which serve dimensionless factor f_α(a/b) as descriptive parameter are obtained. The effects of parameters ρ, t and α to f_α(a/b) are analyzed. The connections between stress intensity factor of crack and stress concentrator factor of notch, between sharp V-notch and crack, between V-notch and U-notch have been founded.

Abstract: In many industrial applications it is necessary to predict fatigue lifetime of the structures where the stress field near the crack front have a three-dimensional nature. Due to the existence of vertex singularity in the point where the crack front touches free surface, crack propagation in 3D structures cannot be reduced to a series of plane strain or plane stress problems along the crack front. The paper describes the influence of the vertex singularity on crack shape for three-dimensional structure. The iterative process for estimation of a real crack front based on a stress singularity exponent is presented. In each node defining the crack front the stress singularity exponent has been estimated and complete crack front shape corresponding to the constant stress singularity exponent was found. The methodology presented can help to estimate crack front shape in a linear elastic fracture mechanics framework and estimate fracture parameters of fatigue cracks more accurately.

Abstract: This paper presents an experimental and numerical study on two different types of the nodular cast iron EN-GJS-400-18-LT. The experimental procedure includes symmetrical and unsymmetrical strain controlled tests on the cylindrical specimens as well as crack initiation and propagation tests on the compact tension and single edged notched specimens. Different loading regimes are applied, and monitoring of the crack length during the tests is performed by an optical system. Within the framework of numerical investigations an efficient algorithm for modelling of cyclic plasticity is examined. Experimental results show that two material types have significantly different the crack behaviour.

Abstract: A new one-dimensional constitutive model for human cortical bone is proposed to simulate the viscoelastic–viscoplastic behaviour occurring during creep-recovery tests. The material parameters are determined by fitting experimental results of creep-recovery tests reported in the published literature. An efficient computational algorithm for the integration of the proposed constitutive model at the material point level is derived. The derived algorithm in conjunction with the Jacobian matrix is implemented in the finite element code ABAQUS. The model predictions are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data presented in literature.

Abstract: The material modeling of hyper-elastic properties in rubber is generally characterized by the strain energy function. The strain energy functions have been represented either in term of the strain in variants that are functions of the stretch ratios, or directly in terms of the principal stretch. Successful modeling and design of rubber components relies on both the selection of an appropriate strain energy function and an accurate determination of material constants in the function. Material constants in the strain energy functions can be determined from the curve fitting of experimental stress-strain data. The uniaxial tension, equi-biaxial tension and pure shear test were performed to acquire the constants of the strain energy functions which were Mooney-Rivlin and Ogden model. Nonlinear finite element analysis was executed to evaluate the behavior of deformation and strain distribute by using the commercial finite element code. Also, the fatigue tests were carried out to obtain the fatigue failure. Fatigue failure was initiated at the critical location was observed during the fatigue test of rubber component, which was the same result predicted by the finite element analysis.

Abstract: The railway wheel in long-term running had experienced the wheel damage due to fatigue crack and shelling. The damaged wheel in railway vehicle would cause a poor ride comfort, a rise in the maintenance cost and even fracture of the wheel, which then leads to a tremendous social and economical cost. It is necessary to evaluate long-term damage of railway wheel in order to ensure the safety of wheel. To evaluate the damage for railway wheels, the measurements for the replication of wheel surface and residual stress of railway wheel using x-ray diffraction system were carried out. The result shows that the residual stress of wheel is depend on the running distance and thermal gradient during brake application also that the replication test can be applied in new evaluation method of wheel damage.

Abstract: The fabrication of Portland cement causes numerous problems accompanying the large exhaustion of gas. Even if fly ash, an industrial by-product produced in thermoelectric power plants, is recycled in concrete by partial replacing of cement, more than 50% remains still discharged in marine and ashore landfills and, continue to provoke environmental problems. Recently, active research has been dedicated to alkali-activated concrete that does not use cement as binder. This alkali-activated concrete as a cement zero concrete activated by alkali solution using bottom ash rich in Si and Al instead of cement is effective in reducing gas exhaustion. This study is a basic research for the fabrication of concrete without cement and using 100% of bottom ash among the industrial by-products. Therefore, the purposes are to develop cement zero concrete by evaluating the mechanical properties by age according to the change of the molar concentration and ratio (SH/SS) of the alkali-activator and the curing temperature, and to investigate the reaction mechanism. From the test results, the compressive strength increased with larger molar concentration and the optimal curing temperature was 60°C. In addition, the measurement of the leaching according to the molar concentration of fly ash having similar chemical composition showed that the leaching of Si⁴⁺ and Al³⁺ increased. Compared to 6M, the leached quantities of Si⁴⁺ and Al³⁺ were twice larger for 9M and 12M. The formation of gel at the surface of fly ash indicated that fly ash was more activated in higher alkaline environment.