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Experimental The sample Zn2GeO4:Mn2+0.01, Pr3+0.01 was synthesized via high temperature solid-state reaction of constituent oxides, namely, ZnO, GeO2, Pr2O3.
As shown in Fig.1, all the diffraction peaks are consistent with the standard JCPDS card NO.11-0687, which indicates that the co-doped Mn2+, Pr3+ have little influence on the crystal structure of Zn2GeO4, and all of the peaks are assigned to the phase of Zn2GeO4.
The coordination number of Zn, Ge, O atoms is 4, 4, 3, respectively [6].
Considering the ionic radii of Zn2+ (0.60Å), Mn2+(0.66Å), Pr3+(0.99Å) and Ge4+(0.39Å) ions in the site of CN(coordination number)=4, it is expected that the Pr3+ ions substitute the Zn2+ ions.
Firstly, upon ultraviolet light irradiation, a large number of holes and electrons created(progress①).

It can be seen clearly that ATO films show good crystalline when deposited at 500 oC and all diffraction peaks are in agreement with the reflection of cassiterite SnO2 (JCPDS Card No. 88-2348).
(1) where TC(hkl) is the texture coefficient of the (hkl) plane, I(hkl) the measured intensity of (hkl) plane, I0(hkl) the corresponding recorded intensity in JCPDS data file and N the number of preferred directions of the growth.
Sung, Discharge power dependence of structural and electrical properties of Al-doped ZnO conducting film by magnetron sputtering (for PDP), Vaccum 83 (2008) 113-118

Sometimes, Sn-, Ni-, Fe-, Al, and even CdO are used to dope ZnO (prepared by co-precipitation method).
They activate the (ZnO) foundation formaldehyde sensing material.
The interval between the spray nozzle and the collector was maintained at (10 ± 1 cm), the spray solution volume was (50 ml), the spraying number was (20), and the interval between the sprayings was (5 sec).
The X-ray diffraction patterns outcome exhibited matching with the standard value in (JCPDS card no. 05-0640).
Lee, Punched ZnO nanobelt networks for highly sensitive gas sensors, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical J., Sensors and Actuators, B174 (2012) 495– 499

By 2050, this number is expected to rise to 10 million if nothing is done [3].
Schematic representation of green synthesis of ZnO NPs ZnO NPs characterization The crystalline phase of ZnO NPs was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD).
A single-phase hexagonal ZnO crystal structure was well-indexed to all diffraction peaks (JCPDS card No. 00-005-0664).
XRD pattern of green synthesis of ZnO NPs Table 2.
As shown, the mechanism by which ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) inhibit bacterial cells entails multiple crucial stages.

Increasing the surface area of the catalyst can result in a decrease in the number of photogenerated electron-hole recombination, thereby increasing hydrogen production [27].
JCPDS card number 87-1526 shows that 2θ = 27.1° represents the (002) plane of graphitic materials characteristic of the interplanar stacking peak of the conjugated aromatic systems [30-33].
Peaks with 2θ = 31.47°, 45.41°, and 56.43 °, based on JCPDS card number 36-1451, correspond to the presence of ZrO.
Funding This research was funded under “Penelitian Hibah Riset Grup Tipe B, Universitas Sebelas Maret” with contract number 194.2/UN27.22/PT.01.03/2024.
Thongtem, “Influence of pH on the synthesis ZnO nanorods and photocatalytic hydrogen production from glycerol solution,” J.

The XRD patterns of the annealed samples are compared with the TCP (JCPDS No. 09-0169) peaks to find out the thermal stability of the synthesized HA samples.
XRD peaks of HA(JCPDS No. 09-432) and XRD patterns of the as-synthesized samples HA-10min, HA-20min, HA-30min and HA-2h Fig. 2.
These peaks are exactly matching with that of TCP peaks corresponding to the JCPDS card No. 09-0169.
Also, the number of dislocations introduced increases, causing an increase in the lattice strain.
Dole, Williamson-Hall analysis in estimation of lattice strain in nanometer-sized ZnO particles, J.

Among semiconductors, ZnO and TiO2 as photocatalysts have attracted much attention due to their high efficiency in the degradation of wide-ranged pollutants and have been studied widely [3-10].
All diffraction peaks in each pattern can be indexed to the pure cubic phase of Cu2O corresponding to space group Pn3m, consistent with standard card (JCPDS File No. 05-0667).
The number of terminal copper atoms per unit surface area on the {111} facets of octahedron is higher than spheres with no facets [18].
Tsang, Shape and size effects of ZnO nanocrystals on photocatalytic activity, J.

TiO2 [1], SiO2 [1], CdS [3], and ZnO [4],) to verify present theoretical hypotheses.
At the molecular level, of the total amino acid residues, cysteine residues occupy up to 20% in number [8].
There are three peaks at 26.1°, 30.2° and 43.2°, and according to PDF card (JCPDS NO.65-0302) they correspond to crystal planes (111), (200) and (220) respectively.
Zhang: Embedment of ZnO Nanoparticles in the Natural Photonic Crystals within Peacock Feathers.

The appearance of 38.08°, 44.02°, 64.45°, 77.64° diffractive peaks (For Ag2O - JCPDS card number 76–1393) and disappearance of 31.20°, 40.32° peaks indicate the formation of Cu-MOF/Ag2O.
In addition to this, a peak at 25.08° confirms the presence of rGO in MOF/rGO composite with JCPDS no. 75−2078 [58].
Preparation of NiO/ZnO hybrid nanoparticles for electrochemical sensing of dopamine and uric acid.
Antimicrobial investigation of CuO and ZnO nanoparticles prepared by a rapid combustion method.
MOF-derived porous ZnO/Co 3 O 4 nanocomposites for high performance acetone gas sensing. 

The pattern reveals the existence of cubic (zinc blende) form of ZnSe NCs and the three broadened peaks can be attributed to the (111), (220) and (311) lattice planes (three discrete vertical lines were drawn in Fig. 1 to illustrate the position of the three strongest diffractive peaks of ZnSe cubic phase according to JCPDS card (NO. 5-522)).
This is due to the smaller size and the less number of ZnSe NCs per unit volume in this sample, which strongly influence the positions and intensities of the transitions XPS Analysis.
The former two peaks correspond to Zn2p level in ZnO and ZnSe respectively [9,10] and that the last peak represents which chemical state is uncertain yet.
In XRD analysis, sample 1014 1016 1018 1020 1022 1024 1026 1028 1030 1032 uncertain state ZnO ZnSe Zn2p3/2 Intensity/(a.u.)