Advanced Materials Research Vol. 1051

Abstract: The performance of a small-scale two-phase anaerobic digestion system which processes municipal solid wastes, i.e. vegetable and fruit wastes, was evaluated at mesophilic conditions. An anaerobic digester which required 5 L of fresh cow manure, 5 L of solid waste feed, 5 L each of leachate from the solid waste, and 1 L of anaerobic seeding had been constructed. The volume of the feed solids after digestion has significantly reduced after the operation. The total accumulated methane for a solids retention time (SRT) of 20 days contained useful heat energy amounting to 330.27 KJ.

Abstract: The role of genetic instability (inferred from cytogenetic parameters of chromosome aberrations) and nuclear DNA repair activity play in radiation-determined diseases (neoplasms, including malignancies; congenital disorders and malformations; and chromosomal disorders) is considered in children from regions varying in extent of soil contamination with cesium-137 after the Chernobyl Accident.

Abstract: The objective of this research is to produce biodiesel from the jatropha seed oil and compare its lubricating properties to other types of fuel used in a compression ignition engine. The optimum mixture is also investigated. The produced biodiesel is tested to determine its identity and purity. The result showed that its purity is 98.38%, which is higher than 96.5% as specified by the standard of Department of Energy Business. The resulting biodiesel is tested in a compression ignition engine, including as an additive to stabilize the ethanol in diesel oil. The four types of fuel blends are; diesohol with a proportion of diesel : ethanol : biodiesel D95E5B5 by volume, pure biodiesel from jatropha seed oil, biodiesel with low proportion D95B5, and a standard diesel oil. The test results of physical properties of the four types of fuel show that all meets the standard of high speed diesel oil, except the flash point property of the diesohol. To compare the lubricating properties, each type of the fuel has been tested with the High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) according the CEC-F-06-A-96 standard. The results showed that the pure biodiesel from jatropha seed oil, biodiesel D95B5 and diesohol D95E5B5 have the wear scar 169 μm, 204 μm, and 205 μm respectively. The wear scar of each type of the studied fuels is below the allowable standard wear scar 460 μm.

Abstract: Miscanthus sacchariflorus is a typical perennial giant grass of East Asia as a biofuel feedstock. However, the mechanism of its salt tolerance is not well understood. In this study, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content, soluble protein content, MDA, proline content, POD, SOD, and CAT of M. sacchariflorus under salt stress were investigated with five NaCl concentrations ranging from 0 to 180 mmol.l^-1. The results showed that the chlorophyll content decreased with increasing NaCl stresses, whereas soluble protein content, MDA, proline content, POD, SOD and CAT increased with increasing NaCl stresses. Low salt stress (30 and 60 mmol.l^-1 NaCl) had almost no effect when comparing with the control under early stage (before 14 days) of salt stress treatment. However, treatment with high salt stress (90 and 180 mmol.l^-1 NaCl) promoted MDA, proline, and antioxidant enzymes increasing markedly.

Abstract: In the present experiment, the effects of a mutant strain Bacillus pumilus FF1-2 to defend the infection of Aeromonas hydrophilaon on Gibel carp were examined, which was got by mutation breeding from the original strain Bacillus pumilus F3-1 that could inhibit the quorum sensing molecule N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) in the previous study. The results of safety evaluation indicated that it was safe to the Gibel carp (Carassiusauratusgibelio) when the intraperitoneal injection concentration of mutation strain B. PumilusFF1-2 reached 1×10¹¹CFU/ml in one-week experiment, and the sections of muscle, liver, kidney and heart didn’t show any histopathological characterization. The results of injection challenge showed that the B. Pumilus FF1-2 could protect the Gibel carp from the infection of A. hydrophila JY-1 when they were co-injected intraperitoneally with equal concentration of 0.5 ml 1×10⁸ CFU/ml and the survival of Gibel carp was 68% (P<0.05); what’s more, the B. Pumilus FF1-2 could significantly increase the survival of Gibel carp than that of original strain of B. Pumilus F3-1 (P<0.05). In the immersion challenge experiment, the survival of Gibel carp in the B. Pumilus FF1-2 group was 70% when the Gibel carp bathed in the concentration of 1×10⁸ CFU/ml of A. hydrophilaYJ-1 and B. Pumilus FF1-2, which was significantly higher than that of the B. Pumilus F3-1 as well (P<0.05). So, it was supposed that the mutant B. Pumilus FF1-2 could be used as the potential alternative to antibiotics to defend the infection of A. hydrophila in aquaculture.

Abstract: Algogenic organic matter (AOM), including extracellular organic matters (EOM) and intracellular organic matters (IOM) can interfere with drinking water treatment processes and cause water quality problems, among which the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), microcystins and odor and taste compounds are of particular concern. In this study, the formations of THMs, Microcystins-LR and 2-MIB during four growth phase (lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase and death phase) were investigated. The THMs formation potential of EOM and IOM were compared. Higher CHCl3 concentration was found in IOM than that in EOM. In the presence of bromide, more brominated-THMs generated, and the TTHMs increased more rapidly in EOM than IOM. The 2-MIB was found a similar trend with the MC-LR in the four growth phase. The total 2-MIB was gradually increased as a function of the time. The formation of MC-LR and 2-MIB depended on algae density.

Abstract: The novel TiO₂/graphene sheet (TiO₂/GSs) nanocomposites were synthesized using graphene oxide sheets and TiCl₃. All target composites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray electron diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy dispersive X-ray spectra (EDX), and the surface areas were tested with the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. We studied the cytotoxicity of TiO₂/GSs nanoparticles on A549 cells by examining the influence of TiO₂/GSs on cell morphology and viability by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. We also determined membrane integrity and apoptosis of A549 cells after different doses of TiO₂/GSs exposure by LDH assay and flow cytometry. Assay of A549 cell viability showed regular reductions with a time-and dose-dependent tendency after exposure to pure TiO₂, TiO₂/4.2wt% GSs and TiO₂/6wt% GSs for 24 hrs or 48 hrs. The LDH released and cellular apoptosis also had a dose-dependent effect, which was associated with the surface area of TiO₂/4.2wt% GSs. Our results provide essential knowledge of the acceptable biocompatibility of TiO₂/GSs nanocomposites, and only when cells were exposed at a high concentration (≥50 μg/mL), and for a prolonged period of time did TiO₂/GSs nanoparticles exhibit minimal cytotoxicity against A549 cells.

Abstract: Objective: Research on the effect of Curcumin on diabetes in an alloxan mice model. Methods: The positive control group was given Diamicron suspension; High, medium and low treatment groups were given different doses of curcumin solution; Blank group and model group are given the same volume of saline. When the tenth, twentieth, thirtieth day of the administration, measured the blood glucose (BG) of the mice, after the last administration, observed pathological changes of the pancreas under light microscope. Results: Compared with normal control group, the model group level of BG were significantly higher in 10 days,20days,30days and the emergence of pancreatic lesions. Curcumin treatment groups were significantly reduced these abnormalities (P<0.05,P<0.01).Conclusion:Curcumin can reduce the lever of BG at the early diabetic mice and improved the pancreatic lesions caused by diabetes.

Abstract: In order to provide a theoretical basis for the development of the sweet cherry under the greenhouse environment in Tianjin area, the black cherry and the Sichuan cherry planted in greenhouses in north China were used to study the physiological and biochemical index under the different salt stress treatments (0, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% ).The result showed that MDA content of Cerasus szechuanica was higher under salt stress; SOD activity of Cerasus szechuanica was almost the same to Cerasus maximowiczii (except under 0.6%Nacl); POD activity of Cerasus maximowiczii was higher under 0.4-0.6%Nacl concentration but lower under 0-0.2%; PRO content of Cerasus maximowiczii was higher under each salt stress but chlorophyll b content of Cerasus maximowiczii was lower under each salt stress.

Abstract: To find out the etiology and prevention methods of the death of Caesio diagramma. Isolate the pathogen from the fester surface, liver, kidney , intestinal and other organizations of the diseased Caesio diagramma; After the purification of the predominant strains, the phylogenetic analysis of genetic relationships was done by determining 16s rDNA gene and Homology comparison was done with the BLAST sequence detected and registered in GenBank sequence ; In the end, phylogenetic trees were constructed and the drug sensitivity experiment and pathological observation were taken. Aeromonas hydrophila is the cause of the death of Caesio diagramma, it is highly sensitive to chloramphenicol, florfenicol, cefotaxime, gentamicin, amikacin; The pathological results indicate that the wax buildups causes increasing energe consumption of Caesio diagramma,which decreased the resistance of Caesio diagramma and even leads to secondary bacterial infection. Pathogen infected the liver and spleen tissues which causes the disease and death of Caesio diagramma. Aeromonas hydrophila causes the death of Caesio diagramma, and the results have an important guiding significance for the healthy breeding of Caesio diagramma and other ornamental fish